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We introduce an abstract framework for the study of clustering in metric graphs: after suitably metrising the space of graph partitions, we restrict Laplacians to the clusters thus arising and use their spectral gaps to define several…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2020-05-05 James B. Kennedy , Pavel Kurasov , Corentin Léna , Delio Mugnolo

In 2003, van Dam and Haemers posed a fundamental question in spectral graph theory: does there exist a ``sensible'' matrix whose spectrum determines a random graph up to isomorphism? This paper introduces the class of {\em natural graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Ziqing Xiang

We present monotonicity inequalities for certain functions involving eigenvalues of $p$-Laplacians on signed graphs with respect to $p$. Inspired by such monotonicity, we propose new spectrum-based graph invariants, called (variational)…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2023-11-01 Chuanyuan Ge , Shiping Liu , Dong Zhang

We present an analog to classic potential theory on weighted graphs. With nodes partitioned into exterior, boundary and interior nodes and an appropriate decomposition of the Laplacian, we define discrete analogues to the trace operators,…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-08-04 Trent DeGiovanni , Fernando Guevara Vasquez

The Laplacian eigenvalues of a network play an important role in the analysis of many structural and dynamical network problems. In this paper, we study the relationship between the eigenvalue spectrum of the normalized Laplacian matrix and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2013-10-21 Zhengwei Wu , Victor M. Preciado

We prove a central limit theorem for the components of the eigenvectors corresponding to the $d$ largest eigenvalues of the normalized Laplacian matrix of a finite dimensional random dot product graph. As a corollary, we show that for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-07-29 Minh Tang , Carey E. Priebe

A Laplacian eigenfunction on a two-dimensional Riemannian manifold provides a natural partition into Neumann domains (a.k.a. a Morse--Smale complex). This partition is generated by gradient flow lines of the eigenfunction, which bound the…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2023-11-22 Ram Band , Graham Cox , Sebastian Egger

The notion of Laplacian of a graph can be generalized to simplicial complexes and hypergraphs, and contains information on the topology of these structures. Even for a graph, the consideration of associated simplicial complexes is…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-05-08 Thomas Bonis , Laurent Decreusefond , Viet Chi Tran , Zhihan Iris Zhang

Several new spectral properties of the normalized Laplacian defined for oriented hypergraphs are shown. The eigenvalue $1$ and the case of duplicate vertices are discussed; two Courant nodal domain theorems are established; new quantities…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-23 Raffaella Mulas , Dong Zhang

Courant theorem provides an upper bound for the number of nodal domains of eigenfunctions of a wide class of Laplacian-type operators. In particular, it holds for generic eigenfunctions of quantum graph. The theorem stipulates that, after…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-03-06 Ram Band , Gregory Berkolaiko , Hillel Raz , Uzy Smilansky

We propose an adaptive control protocol for identifying the topology of dynamical networks interconnected over undirected graphs with cooperative and antagonistic interactions. The signed network is modeled using a repelling Laplacian.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-13 Pelin Sekercioglu , Nana Wang , Angela Fontan , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

For a simple and connected graph, a new graph invariant $s_{\alpha}^{*}(G)$, defined as the sum of powers of the eigenvalues of the normalized Laplacian matrix, has been introduced by Bozkurt and Bozkurt in [7]. Lower and upper bounds have…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-08-31 Gian Paolo Clemente , Alessandra Cornaro

The spectrum of the normalized graph Laplacian yields a very comprehensive set of invariants of a graph. In order to understand the information contained in those invariants better, we systematically investigate the behavior of this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-10-19 Anirban Banerjee , Jürgen Jost

Message passing graph neural networks are widely used for learning on graphs, yet their expressive power is limited by the one-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman test and can fail to distinguish structurally different nodes. We provide rigorous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zimo Yan , Zheng Xie , Chang Liu , Yuan Wang

This paper deals with dynamical networks for which the relations between node signals are described by proper transfer functions and external signals can influence each of the node signals. We are interested in graph-theoretic conditions…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-02 Henk J. van Waarde , Pietro Tesi , M. Kanat Camlibel

We investigate properties of signed graphs that have few distinct eigenvalues together with a symmetric spectrum. Our main contribution is to determine all signed $(0,2)$-graphs with vertex degree at most $6$ that have precisely two…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-27 Gary R. W. Greaves , Zoran Stanić

Signed graphs encode positive (attractive) and negative (repulsive) relations between nodes. We extend spectral clustering to signed graphs via the one-parameter family of Signed Power Mean Laplacians, defined as the matrix power mean of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Pedro Mercado , Francesco Tudisco , Matthias Hein

We study randomly coloured graphs embedded into Euclidean space, whose vertex sets are infinite, uniformly discrete subsets of finite local complexity. We construct the appropriate ergodic dynamical systems, explicitly characterise ergodic…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2007-09-07 Peter Müller , Christoph Richard

The Neumann points of an eigenfunction $f$ on a quantum (metric) graph are the interior zeros of $f'$. The Neumann domains of $f$ are the sub-graphs bounded by the Neumann points. Neumann points and Neumann domains are the counterparts of…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-05-27 Lior Alon , Ram Band

The Laplacian matrix of a simple graph is the difference of the diagonal matrix of vertex degree and the (0,1) adjacency matrix. In the past decades, the Laplacian spectrum has received much more and more attention, since it has been…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-10-31 Xiao-Dong Zhang