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Bruineberg and colleagues helpfully distinguish between instrumental and ontological interpretations of Markov blankets, exposing the dangers of using the former to make claims about the latter. However, proposing a sharp distinction…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-19 Anil Seth , Tomasz Korbak , Alexander Tschantz

Biehl et al (2020) present some interesting observations on an early formulation of the free energy principle in (Friston, 2013). We use these observations to scaffold a discussion of the technical arguments that underwrite the free energy…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-09-01 Karl Friston , Lancelot Da Costa , Thomas Parr

We summarize the original formulation of the free energy principle, and highlight some technical issues. We discuss how these issues affect related results involving generalised coordinates and, where appropriate, mention consequences for…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-03-02 Martin Biehl , Felix A. Pollock , Ryota Kanai

In this comment on "The Markov blanket trick: On the scope of the free energy principle and active inference" by Raja and colleagues (2021) in Physics of Life Reviews, I argue that the argument presented by the authors is valid; however, I…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-30 Maxwell J. D Ramstead

This monograph attempts a theory of every 'thing' that can be distinguished from other things in a statistical sense. The ensuing statistical independencies, mediated by Markov blankets, speak to a recursive composition of ensembles (of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-06-26 Karl Friston

What can we hope to learn about brains from the free energy principle? In adopting the "primordial soup" physical model, Bruineberg et al. perpetuate the unsupported notion that the free energy principle has a meaningful physical--and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-14 Donald Spector , Daniel Graham

In recent works, Knuth and Bahreyni have demonstrated that the concepts of space and time are emergent in a coarse-grained model of direct particle-particle influence. In addition, Knuth demonstrated that observer-made inferences regarding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-11 James Lyons Walsh , Kevin H. Knuth

The Free-Energy Principle (FEP) [1-3] has been adopted in a variety of ambitious proposals that aim to characterize all adaptive, sentient, and cognitive systems within a unifying framework. Judging by the amount of attention it has…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-01-18 Zahra Sheikhbahaee , Adam Safron , Casper Hesp , Guillaume Dumas

The aim of "A glance beyond the quantum model" [arXiv:0907.0372] to modernize the Correspondence Principle is compromised by an assumption that a classical model must start with the idea of particles, whereas in empirical terms particles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-01 Peter Morgan

In this commentary, we respond to a technical analysis of the Free Energy Principle (hereafter: FEP) presented in "How particular is the physics of the Free Energy Principle" by Aguilera et al. In the target article, the authors analyzed…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-07-13 Conor Heins , Lancelot Da Costa

Einstein's distinction between principle theories and constructive theories is methodological rather than metaphysical. Principle theories such as thermodynamics and relativity articulate empirically distilled constraints that delimit…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Galina Weinstein

The concept of free energy has its origins in 19th century thermodynamics, but has recently found its way into the behavioral and neural sciences, where it has been promoted for its wide applicability and has even been suggested as a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-12-08 Sebastian Gottwald , Daniel A. Braun

The free energy principle has been proposed as a unifying account of brain function. It is closely related, and in some cases subsumes, earlier unifying ideas such as Bayesian inference, predictive coding, and active learning. This article…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-30 Samuel J. Gershman

This paper presents a continuous, information-theoretic extension of the Free Energy Principle through the concept of Markov blanket density, i.e., a scalar field that quantifies the degree of conditional independence between internal and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-12 Luca M. Possati

We seek to clarify the concept of active inference by disentangling it from the Free Energy Principle. We show how the optimizations that need to be carried out in order to implement active inference in discrete state spaces can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Patrick Kenny

The 'free energy principle' (FEP) has been suggested to provide a unified theory of the brain, integrating data and theory relating to action, perception, and learning. The theory and implementation of the FEP combines insights from…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-05-26 Christopher L. Buckley , Chang Sub Kim , Simon McGregor , Anil K. Seth

In this thesis we explore the physics of renormalons in integrable models under the framework of resurgence. In the first part, we review some background on resurgence, integrability and renormalons, including a discussion of large N…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-02-21 Tomas Reis

A discussion is presented of the principle of black hole com- plementarity. It is argued that this principle could be viewed as a breakdown of general relativity, or alternatively, as the introduction of a time variable with multiple…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 G. 't Hooft

In a recent technical critique of the free energy principle (FEP) due to Aguilera-Millidge-Tschantz-Buckley, it is argued that there are a number of instances where the FEP$\unicode{x2014}$as conventionally written, in terms of densities…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-06-02 Dalton A R Sakthivadivel

This technical note considers the sampling of outcomes that provide the greatest amount of information about the structure of underlying world models. This generalisation furnishes a principled approach to structure learning under a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-25 Karl Friston , Lancelot Da Costa , Alexander Tschantz , Conor Heins , Christopher Buckley , Tim Verbelen , Thomas Parr
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