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The robustness of deep neural networks (DNNs) is crucial to the hosting system's reliability and security. Formal verification has been demonstrated to be effective in providing provable robustness guarantees. To improve its scalability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Zhiyi Xue , Si Liu , Zhaodi Zhang , Yiting Wu , Min Zhang

We propose a learning paradigm for the numerical approximation of differential invariants of planar curves. Deep neural-networks' (DNNs) universal approximation properties are utilized to estimate geometric measures. The proposed framework…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Roy Velich , Ron Kimmel

Deep neural networks (DNNs) lack the precise semantics and definitive probabilistic interpretation of probabilistic graphical models (PGMs). In this paper, we propose an innovative solution by constructing infinite tree-structured PGMs that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-25 Boyao Li , Alexander J. Thomson , Houssam Nassif , Matthew M. Engelhard , David Page

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have recently emerged as effective tools for approximating solution operators of partial differential equations (PDEs) including evolutionary problems. Classical numerical solvers for such PDEs often face…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-05 Ke Chen , Meenakshi Krishnan , Haizhao Yang

This paper develops simple feed-forward neural networks that achieve the universal approximation property for all continuous functions with a fixed finite number of neurons. These neural networks are simple because they are designed with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

Functions are rich in meaning and can be interpreted in a variety of ways. Neural networks were proven to be capable of approximating a large class of functions[1]. In this paper, we propose a new class of neural networks called "Neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Firat Tuna

We introduce a new class of deep neural networks (DNNs) with multilayered tree-like architectures. The architectures are codified using numbers from the ring of integers of non-Archimdean local fields. These rings have a natural…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-31 W. A. Zúñiga-Galindo

We study expressive power of shallow and deep neural networks with piece-wise linear activation functions. We establish new rigorous upper and lower bounds for the network complexity in the setting of approximations in Sobolev spaces. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-02 Dmitry Yarotsky

Leveraging the infinite dimensional neural network architecture we proposed in arXiv:2109.13512v4 and which can process inputs from Fr\'echet spaces, and using the universal approximation property shown therein, we now largely extend the…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-14 Luca Galimberti

This article contributes to the current statistical theory of deep neural networks (DNNs). It was shown that DNNs are able to circumvent the so--called curse of dimensionality in case that suitable restrictions on the structure of the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-10-14 Sophie Langer

We investigate the approximation efficiency of score functions by deep neural networks in diffusion-based generative modeling. While existing approximation theories utilize the smoothness of score functions, they suffer from the curse of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Song Mei , Yuchen Wu

Deep neural networks (DNN) are the state of the art on many engineering problems such as computer vision and audition. A key factor in the success of the DNN is scalability - bigger networks work better. However, the reason for this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-02-13 Andrew J. R. Simpson

By universal formulas we understand parameterized analytic expressions that have a fixed complexity, but nevertheless can approximate any continuous function on a compact set. There exist various examples of such formulas, including some in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Dmitry Yarotsky

This paper explores the expressive power of deep neural networks through the framework of function compositions. We demonstrate that the repeated compositions of a single fixed-size ReLU network exhibit surprising expressive power, despite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Shijun Zhang , Jianfeng Lu , Hongkai Zhao

This work addresses two fundamental limitations in neural network approximation theory. We demonstrate that a three-dimensional network architecture enables a significantly more efficient representation of sawtooth functions, which serves…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-13 ZeYu Li , FengLei Fan , TieYong Zeng

We explain how to use Kolmogorov Superposition Theorem (KST) to break the curse of dimensionality when approximating a dense class of multivariate continuous functions. We first show that there is a class of functions called…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-06 Ming-Jun Lai , Zhaiming Shen

This study explores the number of neurons required for a Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) neural network to approximate multivariate monomials. We establish an exponential lower bound on the complexity of any shallow network approximating the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Itai Shapira

Neural Networks (NNs) are the method of choice for building learning algorithms. Their popularity stems from their empirical success on several challenging learning problems. However, most scholars agree that a convincing theoretical…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Ronald DeVore , Boris Hanin , Guergana Petrova

We consider approximations of 1D Lipschitz functions by deep ReLU networks of a fixed width. We prove that without the assumption of continuous weight selection the uniform approximation error is lower than with this assumption at least by…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-05-04 Dmitry Yarotsky

Neural networks (NNs) are known for their high predictive accuracy in complex learning problems. Beside practical advantages, NNs also indicate favourable theoretical properties such as universal approximation (UA) theorems. Binarized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Mikail Yayla , Mario Günzel , Burim Ramosaj , Jian-Jia Chen