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Deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based frameworks, featuring Transformer-style policy networks, have demonstrated their efficacy across various vehicle routing problem (VRP) variants. However, the application of these methods to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Arash Mozhdehi , Yunli Wang , Sun Sun , Xin Wang

The increasing use of drones to perform various tasks has motivated an exponential growth of research aimed at optimizing the use of these means, benefiting both military and civilian applications, including logistics delivery. In this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-28 André Rossi Kuroswiski , Humberto Baldessarini Pires , Angelo Passaro , Lamartine Nogueira Frutuoso , Edson Luiz França Senne

Several studies have attempted to solve traveling salesman problems (TSPs) using various deep learning techniques. Among them, Transformer-based models show state-of-the-art performance even for large-scale Traveling Salesman Problems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Minseop Jung , Jaeseung Lee , Jibum Kim

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a classic NP-hard combinatorial optimization task with numerous practical applications. Classic heuristic solvers can attain near-optimal performance for small problem instances, but become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Michael Li , Eric Bae , Christopher Haberland , Natasha Jaques

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem is a well-known NP-hard problem that poses the challenge of finding the optimal route of a vehicle delivering products to multiple locations. Recently, new efforts have emerged to create constructive…

This paper introduces CARSS (Cooperative Attention-guided Reinforcement Subpath Synthesis), a novel approach to address the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) by leveraging cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL). CARSS…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Yuchen Shi , Congying Han , Tiande Guo

Recently, there is an emerging trend to apply deep reinforcement learning to solve the vehicle routing problem (VRP), where a learnt policy governs the selection of next node for visiting. However, existing methods could not handle well the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Jingwen Li , Liang Xin , Zhiguang Cao , Andrew Lim , Wen Song , Jie Zhang

Recently, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) frameworks have shown potential for solving NP-hard routing problems such as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) without problem-specific expert knowledge. Although DRL can be used to solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Minsu Kim , Jinkyoo Park , Joungho Kim

The Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (mTSP) extends the Traveling Salesman Problem to m tours that start and end at a common depot and jointly visit all customers exactly once. In the min-max variant, the objective is to minimize the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Guillem Rodríguez-Corominas , Maria J. Blesa , Christian Blum

Various neural network models have been proposed to tackle combinatorial optimization problems such as the travelling salesman problem (TSP). Existing learning-based TSP methods adopt a simple setting that the training and testing data are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Zeyang Zhang , Ziwei Zhang , Xin Wang , Wenwu Zhu

We present a novel deep reinforcement learning method to learn construction heuristics for vehicle routing problems. In specific, we propose a Multi-Decoder Attention Model (MDAM) to train multiple diverse policies, which effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Liang Xin , Wen Song , Zhiguang Cao , Jie Zhang

Motivated by the promising advances of deep-reinforcement learning (DRL) applied to cooperative multi-agent systems we propose a model and learning procedure to solve the Capacitated Multi-Vehicle Routing Problem (CMVRP) with fixed fleet…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-10 Jose Manuel Vera , Andres G. Abad

The multiple traveling salesman problem (mTSP) is a well-known NP-hard problem with numerous real-world applications. In particular, this work addresses MinMax mTSP, where the objective is to minimize the max tour length among all agents.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Yuhong Cao , Zhanhong Sun , Guillaume Sartoretti

Model-free deep-reinforcement-based learning algorithms have been applied to a range of COPs~\cite{bello2016neural}~\cite{kool2018attention}~\cite{nazari2018reinforcement}. However, these approaches suffer from two key challenges when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Nasrin Sultana , Jeffrey Chan , Tabinda Sarwar , A. K. Qin

The Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP) is a fundamental and challenging variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem, characterized by tightly coupled pickup--delivery pairs, precedence constraints, and spatial layouts that often exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Wentao Wang , Lifeng Han , Guangyu Zou

Routing problems are a class of combinatorial problems with many practical applications. Recently, end-to-end deep learning methods have been proposed to learn approximate solution heuristics for such problems. In contrast, classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Wouter Kool , Herke van Hoof , Joaquim Gromicho , Max Welling

The idea of deploying electric vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, to perform "last-mile" delivery in logistics operations has attracted increasing attention in the past few years. In this paper, we propose…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-03 Tengkuo Zhu , Stephen D. Boyles , Avinash Unnikrishnan

In the new wave of artificial intelligence, deep learning is impacting various industries. As a closely related area, optimization algorithms greatly contribute to the development of deep learning. But the reverse applications are still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Zhengxuan Ling , Xinyu Tao , Yu Zhang , Xi Chen

In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has gained traction for solving the NP-hard traveling salesman problem (TSP). However, limited attention has been given to the close-enough TSP (CETSP), primarily due to the challenge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Mingfeng Fan , Jiaqi Cheng , Yaoxin Wu , Yifeng Zhang , Yibin Yang , Guohua Wu , Guillaume Sartoretti

Deep learning has been extended to a number of new domains with critical success, though some traditional orienteering problems such as the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) and its variants are not commonly solved using such techniques.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-11 Wei Shao , Flora D. Salim , Jeffrey Chan , Sean Morrison , Fabio Zambetta