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Interpretability is a pressing issue for machine learning. Common approaches to interpretable machine learning constrain interactions between features of the input, rendering the effects of those features on a model's output comprehensible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Kieran A. Murphy , Dani S. Bassett

Large language models (LLMs) process and predict sequences containing text to answer questions, and address tasks including document summarization, providing recommendations, writing software and solving quantitative problems. We provide a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Ricardo Baptista , Andrew Stuart , Son Tran

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as an effective solution for few-shot learning with large language models (LLMs). However, how LLMs leverage demonstrations to specify a task and learn a corresponding computational function through ICL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yu Bai , Heyan Huang , Cesare Spinoso-Di Piano , Marc-Antoine Rondeau , Sanxing Chen , Yang Gao , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Machine Translation (MT) evaluation metrics assess translation quality automatically. Recently, researchers have employed MT metrics for various new use cases, such as data filtering and translation re-ranking. However, most MT metrics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Stefano Perrella , Lorenzo Proietti , Pere-Lluís Huguet Cabot , Edoardo Barba , Roberto Navigli

The relationship between communicated language and intended meaning is often probabilistic and sensitive to context. Numerous strategies attempt to estimate such a mapping, often leveraging recursive Bayesian models of communication. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Benjamin Lipkin , Lionel Wong , Gabriel Grand , Joshua B Tenenbaum

Scaling laws in language modeling traditionally quantify training loss as a function of dataset size and model parameters, providing compute-optimal estimates but often neglecting the impact of data quality on model generalization. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ernie Chang , Matteo Paltenghi , Yang Li , Pin-Jie Lin , Changsheng Zhao , Patrick Huber , Zechun Liu , Rastislav Rabatin , Yangyang Shi , Vikas Chandra

Robustness of huge Transformer-based models for natural language processing is an important issue due to their capabilities and wide adoption. One way to understand and improve robustness of these models is an exploration of an adversarial…

Robust explanations of machine learning models are critical to establish human trust in the models. Due to limited cognition capability, most humans can only interpret the top few salient features. It is critical to make top salient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Chao Chen , Chenghua Guo , Guixiang Ma , Ming Zeng , Xi Zhang , Sihong Xie

Neural language models typically tokenise input text into sub-word units to achieve an open vocabulary. The standard approach is to use a single canonical tokenisation at both train and test time. We suggest that this approach is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Kris Cao , Laura Rimell

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to produce very high-quality tests and responses to our queries. But how much can we trust this generated text? In this paper, we study the problem of uncertainty quantification in LLMs. We propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Muhammad Mubashar , Shireen Kudukkil Manchingal , Fabio Cuzzolin

Classification models are very sensitive to data uncertainty, and finding robust classifiers that are less sensitive to data uncertainty has raised great interest in the machine learning literature. This paper aims to construct robust…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-01 Vali Asimit , Ioannis Kyriakou , Simone Santoni , Salvatore Scognamiglio , Rui Zhu

Sentence embeddings are central to modern NLP and AI systems, yet little is known about their internal structure. While we can compare these embeddings using measures such as cosine similarity, the contributing features are not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Matthieu Tehenan , Vikram Natarajan , Jonathan Michala , Milton Lin , Juri Opitz

Text preprocessing is often the first step in the pipeline of a Natural Language Processing (NLP) system, with potential impact in its final performance. Despite its importance, text preprocessing has not received much attention in the deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-24 Jose Camacho-Collados , Mohammad Taher Pilehvar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable generalization across diverse tasks, leading individuals to increasingly use them as personal assistants and universal computing engines. Nevertheless, a notable obstacle emerges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Dimitris Spathis , Fahim Kawsar

Understanding the decision-making processes of large language models (LLMs) is essential for their trustworthy development and deployment. However, current interpretability methods often face challenges such as low resolution and high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Tian Lan , Jinyuan Xu , Xue He , Jenq-Neng Hwang , Lei Li

Fine-tuning LLMs for classification typically maps inputs directly to labels. We ask whether attaching brief explanations to each label during fine-tuning yields better models. We evaluate conversational response quality along three axes:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Vivswan Shah , Randy Cogill , Hanwei Yue , Gopinath Chennupati , Rinat Khaziev

Interpretability is a key challenge in fostering trust for Large Language Models (LLMs), which stems from the complexity of extracting reasoning from model's parameters. We present the Frame Representation Hypothesis, a theoretically robust…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Pedro H. V. Valois , Lincon S. Souza , Erica K. Shimomoto , Kazuhiro Fukui

In many scenarios, the interpretability of machine learning models is a highly required but difficult task. To explain the individual predictions of such models, local model-agnostic approaches have been proposed. However, the process…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-22 Gianluigi Lopardo , Frederic Precioso , Damien Garreau

Finding an optimal word representation algorithm is particularly important in terms of domain specific data, as the same word can have different meanings and hence, different representations depending on the domain and context. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Nouman Ahmed , Ronin Wu , Victor Botev

The classification of short texts is a common subtask in Information Retrieval (IR). Recent advances in graph machine learning have led to interest in graph-based approaches for low resource scenarios, showing promise in such settings.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Gregor Donabauer , Udo Kruschwitz