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While current Automated Essay Scoring (AES) methods demonstrate high scoring agreement with human raters, their decision-making mechanisms are not fully understood. Our proposed method, using counterfactual intervention assisted by Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yupei Wang , Renfen Hu , Zhe Zhao

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable success across a variety of tasks. However, their potential in the domain of Automated Essay Scoring (AES) remains largely underexplored. Moreover, compared to English data,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Yida Cai , Kun Liang , Sanwoo Lee , Qinghan Wang , Yunfang Wu

In automated essay scoring (AES), recent efforts have shifted toward cross-prompt settings that score essays on unseen prompts for practical applicability. However, prior methods trained with essay-score pairs of specific prompts pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Heejin Do , Taehee Park , Sangwon Ryu , Gary Geunbae Lee

In the prompt-specific holistic score prediction task for Automatic Essay Scoring, the general approaches include pre-trained neural model, coherence model, and hybrid model that incorporate syntactic features with neural model. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Xinying Qiu , Shuxuan Liao , Jiajun Xie , Jian-Yun Nie

Automated essay scoring is one of the most important problem in Natural Language Processing. It has been explored for a number of years, and it remains partially solved. In addition to its economic and educational usefulness, it presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Kshitij Gupta

Automatic short answer grading (ASAG), which autonomously score student answers according to reference answers, provides a cost-effective and consistent approach to teaching professionals and can reduce their monotonous and tedious grading…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Tiaoqiao Liu , Wenbiao Ding , Zhiwei Wang , Jiliang Tang , Gale Yan Huang , Zitao Liu

Automated essay scoring (AES) is a vital area of research aiming to provide efficient and accurate assessment tools for evaluating written content. This study investigates the effectiveness of two popular similarity metrics, Jaccard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Andharini Dwi Cahyani , Moh. Wildan Fathoni , Fika Hastarita Rachman , Ari Basuki , Salman Amin , Bain Khusnul Khotimah

Evaluating student responses, from long essays to short factual answers, is a key challenge in educational NLP. Automated Essay Scoring (AES) focuses on holistic writing qualities such as coherence and argumentation, while Automatic Short…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tasfia Seuti , Sagnik Ray Choudhury

Multi-trait automated essay scoring (AES) systems provide a fine-grained evaluation of an essay's diverse aspects. While they excel in scoring, prior systems fail to explain why specific trait scores are assigned. This lack of transparency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Heejin Do , Sangwon Ryu , Gary Geunbae Lee

Automated essay scoring (AES) research often relies on rank-based correlation metrics to validate analytic assessment. However, such metrics obscure both intrinsic intercorrelations among analytic dimensions that arise from the structure of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Stefano Bannò , Kate Knill , Mark Gales

Automated text scoring (ATS) tasks, such as automated essay scoring and readability assessment, are important educational applications of natural language processing. Due to their interpretability of models and predictions, traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Hitoshi Manabe , Masato Hagiwara

Essays are considered a valuable mechanism for evaluating learning outcomes in writing. Textual cohesion is an essential characteristic of a text, as it facilitates the establishment of meaning between its parts. Automatically scoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Bruno Alexandre Rosa , Hilário Oliveira , Luiz Rodrigues , Eduardo Araujo Oliveira , Rafael Ferreira Mello

Automated Short Answer Scoring (ASAS) is a critical component in educational assessment. While traditional ASAS systems relied on rule-based algorithms or complex deep learning methods, recent advancements in Generative Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Zifan Wang , Christopher Ormerod

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has enabled the generation of coherent essays, making AI-assisted writing increasingly common in educational and professional settings. Using large-scale empirical data, we examine and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yang Zhong , Jiangang Hao , Michael Fauss , Chen Li , Yuan Wang

Transformer-based language models are architecturally constrained to process text of a fixed maximum length. Essays written by higher-grade students frequently exceed the maximum allowed length for many popular open-source models. A common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Christopher Ormerod , Gitit Kehat

A recent line of research on automated speaking assessment (ASA) has benefited from self-supervised learning (SSL) representations, which capture rich acoustic and linguistic patterns in non-native speech without underlying assumptions of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-23 Tien-Hong Lo , Szu-Yu Chen , Yao-Ting Sung , Berlin Chen

Recent automated essay scoring (AES) studies increasingly use pretrained transformer models, but these models are usually pretrained on general-domain English and may under-represent second-language learner writing. This study investigates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Duy Anh Nguyen

Most previous scene text spotting methods rely on high-quality manual annotations to achieve promising performance. To reduce their expensive costs, we study semi-supervised text spotting (SSTS) to exploit useful information from unlabeled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Dongliang Luo , Hanshen Zhu , Ziyang Zhang , Dingkang Liang , Xudong Xie , Yuliang Liu , Xiang Bai

BERT and its variants are extensively explored for automated scoring. However, a limit of 512 tokens for these encoder-based models showed the deficiency in automated scoring of long essays. Thus, this research explores generative language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Haowei Hua , Hong Jiao , Xinyi Wang

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems now reach near human agreement on some public benchmarks, yet real-world adoption, especially in high-stakes examinations, remains limited. A principal obstacle is that most models output a single score…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ahmed Karim , Qiao Wang , Zheng Yuan