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Machine learning with artificial neural networks is revolutionizing science. The most advanced challenges require discovering answers autonomously. This is the domain of reinforcement learning, where control strategies are improved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-03 Thomas Fösel , Petru Tighineanu , Talitha Weiss , Florian Marquardt

This paper presents the first actor-critic algorithm for off-policy reinforcement learning. Our algorithm is online and incremental, and its per-time-step complexity scales linearly with the number of learned weights. Previous work on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Thomas Degris , Martha White , Richard S. Sutton

Classical reinforcement learning (RL) methods often struggle in complex, high-dimensional environments because of their extensive parameter requirements and challenges posed by stochastic, non-deterministic settings. This study introduces…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Romerik Lokossou , Birhanu Shimelis Girma , Ozan K. Tonguz , Ahmed Biyabani

Quantum reinforcement learning is an emerging field at the intersection of quantum computing and machine learning. While we intend to provide a broad overview of the literature on quantum reinforcement learning - our interpretation of this…

Parametrised quantum circuits offer expressive and data-efficient representations for machine learning. Due to quantum states residing in a high-dimensional Hilbert space, parametrised quantum circuits have a natural interpretation in terms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 David M. Bossens , Kishor Bharti , Jayne Thompson

The increasing adoption of Reinforcement Learning in safety-critical systems domains such as autonomous vehicles, health, and aviation raises the need for ensuring their safety. Existing safety mechanisms such as adversarial training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Paulina Stevia Nouwou Mindom , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh , John Mullins

In this paper, we propose a second-order deterministic actor-critic framework in reinforcement learning that extends the classical deterministic policy gradient method to exploit curvature information of the performance function. Building…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Arash Bahari Kordabad , Dean Brandner , Sebastien Gros , Sergio Lucia , Sadegh Soudjani

Although quantum computers are predicted to have many commercial applications, less attention has been given to their potential for resolving foundational issues in quantum mechanics. Here we focus on quantum computers' utility for the…

Variational quantum circuits are increasingly studied as continuous-function approximators, but quantum regression remains difficult to train when global losses, finite-shot stochasticity, and circuit-depth growth combine to produce weak or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Qingyu Meng , Yangshuai Wang

Policy gradient methods are often applied to reinforcement learning in continuous multiagent games. These methods perform local search in the joint-action space, and as we show, they are susceptable to a game-theoretic pathology known as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-27 Ermo Wei , Drew Wicke , David Freelan , Sean Luke

We propose a variational quantum classifier operating on high dimensional deep representations via amplitude encoding, stabilized by a learnable classical pre encoding layer.By combining normalized amplitude embeddings with bounded quantum…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ying Chen , Paolo Giudici , Vasily Kolesnikov , Paolo Recchia

Variational quantum eigensolvers have recently received increased attention, as they enable the use of quantum computing devices to find solutions to complex problems, such as the ground energy and ground state of strongly-correlated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-13 Jiahao Yao , Paul Köttering , Hans Gundlach , Lin Lin , Marin Bukov

Variational quantum metrology represents a powerful tool for optimizing generic estimation strategies, combining the principles of variational optimization with the techniques of quantum metrology. Such optimization procedures result…

In recent years, quantum computing (QC) has been getting a lot of attention from industry and academia. Especially, among various QC research topics, variational quantum circuit (VQC) enables quantum deep reinforcement learning (QRL). Many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-12 Won Joon Yun , Yunseok Kwak , Jae Pyoung Kim , Hyunhee Cho , Soyi Jung , Jihong Park , Joongheon Kim

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has proven a powerful technique in many sequential decision making domains. However, Robotics poses many challenges for RL, most notably training on a physical system can be expensive and dangerous, which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2017-10-19 Lerrel Pinto , Marcin Andrychowicz , Peter Welinder , Wojciech Zaremba , Pieter Abbeel

Variational quantum circuits (VQCs) are a central component of many quantum machine learning algorithms, offering a hybrid quantum-classical framework that, under certain aspects, can be considered similar to classical deep neural networks.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Nicola Assolini , Luca Marzari , Isabella Mastroeni , Alessandra di Pierro

Reinforcement learning studies how an agent should interact with an environment to maximize its cumulative reward. A standard way to study this question abstractly is to ask how many samples an agent needs from the environment to learn an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-21 Daochen Wang , Aarthi Sundaram , Robin Kothari , Ashish Kapoor , Martin Roetteler

Adversarial robustness in quantum classifiers is a critical area of study, providing insights into their performance compared to classical models and uncovering potential advantages inherent to quantum machine learning. In the NISQ era of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Pouya Kananian , Hans-Arno Jacobsen

Value-based algorithms are a cornerstone of off-policy reinforcement learning due to their simplicity and training stability. However, their use has traditionally been restricted to discrete action spaces, as they rely on estimating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Yigit Korkmaz , Urvi Bhuwania , Ayush Jain , Erdem Bıyık

Actor-critic (AC) methods are widely used in reinforcement learning (RL) and benefit from the flexibility of using any policy gradient method as the actor and value-based method as the critic. The critic is usually trained by minimizing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Sharan Vaswani , Amirreza Kazemi , Reza Babanezhad , Nicolas Le Roux