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This paper introduces a scalable causal inference framework for estimating the immediate, session-level effects of on-demand human tutoring embedded within adaptive learning systems. Because students seek assistance at moments of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kirk Vanacore , Danielle R Thomas , Digory Smith , Bibi Groot , Justin Reich , Rene Kizilcec

With more deep learning techniques being introduced into the knowledge tracing domain, the interpretability issue of the knowledge tracing models has aroused researchers' attention. Our previous study(Lu et al. 2020) on building and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Deliang Wang , Yu Lu , Qinggang Meng , Penghe Chen

Knowledge tracing is a sequence prediction problem where the goal is to predict the outcomes of students over questions as they are interacting with a learning platform. By tracking the evolution of the knowledge of some student, one can…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Jill-Jênn Vie , Hisashi Kashima

Intelligent and adaptive online education systems aim to make high-quality education available for a diverse range of students. However, existing systems usually depend on a pool of hand-made questions, limiting how fine-grained and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Megha Srivastava , Noah Goodman

Imitation learning, which learns agent policy by mimicking expert demonstration, has shown promising results in many applications such as medical treatment regimes and self-driving vehicles. However, it remains a difficult task to interpret…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Tianxiang Zhao , Wenchao Yu , Suhang Wang , Lu Wang , Xiang Zhang , Yuncong Chen , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Haifeng Chen

Dynamic Item Response Models extend the standard Item Response Theory (IRT) to capture temporal dynamics in learner ability. While these models have the potential to allow instructional systems to actively monitor the evolution of learner…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Yunsung Kim , Sreechan Sankaranarayanan , Chris Piech , Candace Thille

Knowledge tracing (KT) which aims at predicting learner's knowledge mastery plays an important role in the computer-aided educational system. In recent years, many deep learning models have been applied to tackle the KT task, which have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Hanshuang Tong , Zhen Wang , Yun Zhou , Shiwei Tong , Wenyuan Han , Qi Liu

Large language models (LLMs) enable in-context learning (ICL) by conditioning on a few labeled training examples as a text-based prompt, eliminating the need for parameter updates and achieving competitive performance. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jianing Wang , Chengyu Wang , Chuanqi Tan , Jun Huang , Ming Gao

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is fundamental to intelligent education systems, yet relies on educational logs that are selectively observed. The non-random nature of exercise recommendations and student choices inevitably induces severe selection…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Peilin Zhan , Wei Chen , Weilin Chen , Shuyi Pan , Ruichu Cai

In contrast to pedagogies like evidence-based teaching, personalized adaptive learning (PAL) distinguishes itself by closely monitoring the progress of individual students and tailoring the learning path to their unique knowledge and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Ming Kuo , Shouvon Sarker , Lijun Qian , Yujian Fu , Xiangfang Li , Xishuang Dong

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the task of using students' historical learning interaction data to model their knowledge mastery over time so as to make predictions on their future interaction performance. Recently, remarkable progress has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Zitao Liu , Qiongqiong Liu , Jiahao Chen , Shuyan Huang , Jiliang Tang , Weiqi Luo

The world has transitioned into a new phase of online learning in response to the recent Covid19 pandemic. Now more than ever, it has become paramount to push the limits of online learning in every manner to keep flourishing the education…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Shalini Pandey , Jaideep Srivastava

Knowledge tracing---where a machine models the knowledge of a student as they interact with coursework---is a well established problem in computer supported education. Though effectively modeling student knowledge would have high…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-06-22 Chris Piech , Jonathan Spencer , Jonathan Huang , Surya Ganguli , Mehran Sahami , Leonidas Guibas , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

Knowledge Tracing (KT) monitors students' knowledge states and simulates their responses to question sequences. Existing KT models typically follow a single-step training paradigm, which leads to discrepancies with the multi-step inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Lingyue Fu , Ting Long , Jianghao Lin , Wei Xia , Xinyi Dai , Ruiming Tang , Yasheng Wang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

Knowledge tracing plays a pivotal role in intelligent tutoring systems. This task aims to predict the probability of students answering correctly to specific questions. To do so, knowledge tracing systems should trace the knowledge state of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Hyeondey Kim , Jinwoo Nam , Minjae Lee , Yun Jegal , Kyungwoo Song

We develop T-SKIRT: a temporal, structured-knowledge, IRT-based method for predicting student responses online. By explicitly accounting for student learning and employing a structured, multidimensional representation of student…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-02-15 Chaitanya Ekanadham , Yan Karklin

Educational Question Generation (EQG) aims to synthesize customized exercise questions that enhance student learning. An effective EQG system should ideally personalize questions for each student by modeling the student's knowledge state…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Xinyi Gao , Qiucheng Wu , Lu Ding , Q. Vera Liao , Kaizhi Qian , Ying Xu , Shiyu Chang , Yang Zhang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict learners' future performance from past interactions. While recent KT approaches have improved via learning item representations aligned with Knowledge Components, they overlook the procedural dynamics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jun Seo , Sangwon Ryu , Heejin Do , Hyounghun Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Knowledge tracing is one of the key research areas for empowering personalized education. It is a task to model students' mastery level of a knowledge component (KC) based on their historical learning trajectories. In recent years, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Chun-Kit Yeung , Dit-Yan Yeung

Interpretability in machine learning is critical for the safe deployment of learned policies across legally-regulated and safety-critical domains. While gradient-based approaches in reinforcement learning have achieved tremendous success in…