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Knowledge Tracing (KT) infers a student's knowledge state from past interactions to predict future performance. Conventional Deep Learning (DL)-based KT models are typically tied to platform-specific identifiers and latent representations,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhiyi Duan , Hongyu Yuan , Rui Liu

Knowledge tracing is a method used in education to assess and track the acquisition of knowledge by individual learners. It involves using a variety of techniques, such as quizzes, tests, and other forms of assessment, to determine what a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Yann Hicke

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to monitor students' evolving knowledge states through their learning interactions with concept-related questions, and can be indirectly evaluated by predicting how students will perform on future questions. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Chaoran Cui , Hebo Ma , Chen Zhang , Chunyun Zhang , Yumo Yao , Meng Chen , Yuling Ma

Deep learning based knowledge tracing model has been shown to outperform traditional knowledge tracing model without the need for human-engineered features, yet its parameters and representations have long been criticized for not being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Chun-Kit Yeung

Knowledge Tracing (KT) involves monitoring the changes in a student's knowledge over time by analyzing their past responses, with the goal of predicting future performance. However, most existing methods primarily focus on feature…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lixiang Xu , Xianwei Ding , Xin Yuan , Richang Hong , Feiping Nie , Enhong Chen , Philip S. Yu

Estimating student proficiency is an important task for computer based learning systems. We compare a family of IRT-based proficiency estimation methods to Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), a recently proposed recurrent neural network model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Kevin H. Wilson , Yan Karklin , Bojian Han , Chaitanya Ekanadham

The field of Knowledge Tracing aims to understand how students learn and master knowledge over time by analyzing their historical behaviour data. To achieve this goal, many researchers have proposed Knowledge Tracing models that use data…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Zhaoxing Li , Jujie Yang , Jindi Wang , Lei Shi , Sebastian Stein

Teaching plays a fundamental role in human learning. Typically, a human teaching strategy would involve assessing a student's knowledge progress for tailoring the teaching materials in a way that enhances the learning progress. A human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang

The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education, particularly large language models (LLMs), has increased interest in intelligent tutoring systems. However, LLMs often show limited adaptivity and struggle to model learners'…

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in educational data mining that mainly focuses on students' dynamic cognitive states of skills. The question-answering process of students can be regarded as a thinking process that considers the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Haotian Zhang , Chenyang Bu , Fei Liu , Shuochen Liu , Yuhong Zhang , Xuegang Hu

In education applications, knowledge tracing refers to the problem of estimating students' time-varying concept/skill mastery level from their past responses to questions and predicting their future performance. One key limitation of most…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Naiming Liu , Zichao Wang , Richard G. Baraniuk , Andrew Lan

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is crucial in education assessment, which focuses on depicting students' learning states and assessing students' mastery of subjects. With the rise of modern online learning platforms, particularly massive open online…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Weihua Cheng , Hanwen Du , Chunxiao Li , Ersheng Ni , Liangdi Tan , Tianqi Xu , Yongxin Ni

Knowledge tracing (KT) enhances student learning by leveraging past performance to predict future performance. Current research utilizes models based on attention mechanisms and recurrent neural network structures to capture long-term…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yang Cao , Wei Zhang

A longstanding goal in computational educational research is to develop explainable knowledge tracing (KT) models. Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), which leverages a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to predict student knowledge and performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Kevin Hong , Kia Karbasi , Gregory Pottie

Accurate modeling of student knowledge is essential for large-scale online learning systems that are increasingly used for student training. Knowledge tracing aims to model student knowledge state given the student's sequence of learning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Siqian Zhao , Chunpai Wang , Shaghayegh Sahebi

For offering proactive services to students in intelligent education, one of the fundamental tasks is predicting their performance (e.g., scores) on future exercises, where it is necessary to track each student's knowledge acquisition…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Qi Liu , Zhenya Huang , Yu Yin , Enhong Chen , Hui Xiong , Yu Su , Guoping Hu

This paper presents novel techniques for enhancing the performance of knowledge tracing (KT) models by focusing on the crucial factor of question and concept difficulty level. Despite the acknowledged significance of difficulty, previous KT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Unggi Lee , Sungjun Yoon , Joon Seo Yun , Kyoungsoo Park , YoungHoon Jung , Damji Stratton , Hyeoncheol Kim

Can machines trace human knowledge like humans? Knowledge tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in a wide range of applications in education, such as massive open online courses (MOOCs), intelligent tutoring systems, educational games, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to leverage students' learning histories to estimate their mastery levels on a set of pre-defined skills, based on which the corresponding future performance can be accurately predicted. As an important way of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Fucai Ke , Weiqing Wang , Weicong Tan , Lan Du , Yuan Jin , Yujin Huang , Hongzhi Yin

As an important technique for modeling the knowledge states of learners, the traditional knowledge tracing (KT) models have been widely used to support intelligent tutoring systems and MOOC platforms. Driven by the fast advancements of deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Yu Lu , Deliang Wang , Qinggang Meng , Penghe Chen