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We address generating theorems from a given set of axioms, without proof goal, aiming at value from a mathematical point of view or as lemmas for automated proving. As benchmark, we convert a fragment of the Metamath database set.mm. Our…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Christoph Wernhard

A learning algorithm based on primary school teaching and learning is presented. The methodology is to continuously evaluate a student and to give them training on the examples for which they repeatedly fail, until, they can correctly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2010-12-14 Ninan Sajeeth Philip

Theorem proving is a fundamental aspect of mathematics, spanning from informal reasoning in natural language to rigorous derivations in formal systems. In recent years, the advancement of deep learning, especially the emergence of large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Zhaoyu Li , Jialiang Sun , Logan Murphy , Qidong Su , Zenan Li , Xian Zhang , Kaiyu Yang , Xujie Si

Human ability at solving complex tasks is helped by priors on object and event semantics of their environment. This paper investigates the use of similar prior knowledge for transfer learning in Reinforcement Learning agents. In particular,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Samy Badreddine , Michael Spranger

Traditional automated theorem provers have relied on manually tuned heuristics to guide how they perform proof search. Recently, however, there has been a surge of interest in the design of learning mechanisms that can be integrated into…

Reinforcement learning algorithms are defined by their learning update rules, which are typically hand-designed and fixed. We present an evolutionary framework for discovering reinforcement learning algorithms by searching directly over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Alkis Sygkounas , Amy Loutfi , Andreas Persson

The ability of artificial agents to increment their capabilities when confronted with new data is an open challenge in artificial intelligence. The main challenge faced in such cases is catastrophic forgetting, i.e., the tendency of neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Eden Belouadah , Adrian Popescu , Ioannis Kanellos

To support reasoning about properties of programs operating with boolean values one needs theorem provers to be able to natively deal with the boolean sort. This way, program properties can be translated to first-order logic and theorem…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-10-19 Evgenii Kotelnikov , Laura Kovács , Andrei Voronkov

Learning a sequence of tasks without access to i.i.d. observations is a widely studied form of continual learning (CL) that remains challenging. In principle, Bayesian learning directly applies to this setting, since recursive and one-off…

Theorem proving serves as a major testbed for evaluating complex reasoning abilities in large language models (LLMs). However, traditional automated theorem proving (ATP) approaches rely heavily on formal proof systems that poorly align…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Ziyin Zhang , Jiahao Xu , Zhiwei He , Tian Liang , Qiuzhi Liu , Yansi Li , Linfeng Song , Zhenwen Liang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Exemplar-Free Class Incremental Learning is a highly challenging setting where replay memory is unavailable. Methods relying on frozen feature extractors have drawn attention recently in this setting due to their impressive performances and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Quentin Jodelet , Xin Liu , Yin Jun Phua , Tsuyoshi Murata

First-order relational languages have been used in MDP planning and reinforcement learning (RL) for two main purposes: specifying MDPs in compact form, and representing and learning policies that are general and not tied to specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Simon Ståhlberg , Hector Geffner

Large computer-understandable proofs consist of millions of intermediate logical steps. The vast majority of such steps originate from manually selected and manually guided heuristics applied to intermediate goals. So far, machine learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-02 Cezary Kaliszyk , François Chollet , Christian Szegedy

A fundamental challenge in formal theorem proving by LLMs is the lack of high-quality training data. Although reinforcement learning or expert iteration partially mitigates this issue by alternating between LLM generating proofs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Kefan Dong , Tengyu Ma

In continual learning, a system learns from non-stationary data streams or batches without catastrophic forgetting. While this problem has been heavily studied in supervised image classification and reinforcement learning, continual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Tyler L. Hayes , Christopher Kanan

Neural symbolic processing aims to combine the generalization of logical learning approaches and the performance of neural networks. The Neural Theorem Proving (NTP) model by Rocktaschel et al (2017) learns embeddings for concepts and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Michiel de Jong , Fei Sha

Recent years have witnessed increasing interests in prompt-based learning in which models can be trained on only a few annotated instances, making them suitable in low-resource settings. When using prompt-based learning for text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Hongjing Li , Hanqi Yan , Yanran Li , Li Qian , Yulan He , Lin Gui

Despite recent advances in automating theorem proving in full first-order theories, inductive reasoning still poses a serious challenge to state-of-the-art theorem provers. The reason for that is that in first-order logic induction requires…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Johannes Schoisswohl , Laura Kovács

We propose an algorithm for incremental learning of classifiers. The proposed method enables an ensemble of classifiers to learn incrementally by accommodating new training data. We use an effective mechanism to overcome the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-11 Shivang Agarwal , C. Ravindranath Chowdary , Shripriya Maheshwari

Today, the dominant paradigm for training neural networks involves minimizing task loss on a large dataset. Using world knowledge to inform a model, and yet retain the ability to perform end-to-end training remains an open question. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-21 Tao Li , Vivek Srikumar