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Code-switching automatic speech recognition becomes one of the most challenging and the most valuable scenarios of automatic speech recognition, due to the code-switching phenomenon between multilingual language and the frequent occurrence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Shuhao Deng , Chengfei Li , Jinfeng Bai , Qingqing Zhang , Wei-Qiang Zhang , Runyan Yang , Gaofeng Cheng , Pengyuan Zhang , Yonghong Yan

In this paper, we investigate the code-switching detection performance of a code-switching (CS) automatic speech recognition (ASR) system with data-augmented acoustic and language models. We focus on the recognition of Frisian-Dutch radio…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-03 Emre Yılmaz , Henk van den Heuvel , David A. van Leeuwen

The bi-encoder structure has been intensively investigated in code-switching (CS) automatic speech recognition (ASR). However, most existing methods require the structures of two monolingual ASR models (MAMs) should be the same and only use…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-03 Tongtong Song , Qiang Xu , Haoyu Lu , Longbiao Wang , Hao Shi , Yuqin Lin , Yanbing Yang , Jianwu Dang

Code-mixing (CM), where speakers blend languages within a single expression, is prevalent in multilingual societies but poses challenges for natural language processing due to its complexity and limited data. We propose using a large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Linda Zeng

Building Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems for code-switched speech has recently gained renewed attention due to the widespread use of speech technologies in multilingual communities worldwide. End-to-end ASR systems are a natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Yash Sharma , Basil Abraham , Karan Taneja , Preethi Jyothi

This paper presents our latest investigation on end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) for overlapped speech. We propose to train an end-to-end system conditioned on speaker embeddings and further improved by transfer learning from…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-14 Pavel Denisov , Ngoc Thang Vu

The choice of modeling units is crucial for automatic speech recognition (ASR) tasks. In mandarin scenarios, the Chinese characters represent meaning but are not directly related to the pronunciation. Thus only considering the writing of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Yuting Yang , Binbin Du , Yuke Li

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) for conversational code-switching speech remains challenging due to the scarcity of realistic, high-quality labeled speech data. This paper explores multilingual text-to-speech (TTS) models as an effective…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Yue Heng Yeo , Yuchen Hu , Shreyas Gopal , Yizhou Peng , Hexin Liu , Eng Siong Chng

In this work, we seek to build effective code-switched (CS) automatic speech recognition systems (ASR) under the zero-shot setting where no transcribed CS speech data is available for training. Previously proposed frameworks which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Brian Yan , Matthew Wiesner , Ondrej Klejch , Preethi Jyothi , Shinji Watanabe

This paper examines the Code-Switching (CS) phenomenon where two languages intertwine within a single utterance. There exists a noticeable need for research on the CS between English and Korean. We highlight that the current Equivalence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Jangyeong Jeon , Sangyeon Cho , Minuk Ma , Junyoung Kim

In this paper, we particularly work on the code-switched text, one of the most common occurrences in the bilingual communities across the world. Due to the discrepancies in the extraction of code-switched text from an Automated Speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Ahan M. R. , Shreyas Sunil Kulkarni

Linguistic Code Switching (CS) is a phenomenon that occurs when multilingual speakers alternate between two or more languages/dialects within a single conversation. Processing CS data is especially challenging in intra-sentential data given…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Fahad AlGhamdi , Mona Diab

It is well-known that speakers who entrain to one another have more successful conversations than those who do not. Previous research has shown that interlocutors entrain on linguistic features in both written and spoken monolingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Debasmita Bhattacharya , Siying Ding , Alayna Nguyen , Julia Hirschberg

End-to-end (E2E) models have been explored for large speech corpora and have been found to match or outperform traditional pipeline-based systems in some languages. However, most prior work on end-to-end models use speech corpora exceeding…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-06-25 Brij Mohan Lal Srivastava , Basil Abraham , Sunayana Sitaram , Rupesh Mehta , Preethi Jyothi

In this work, we use language modeling to investigate the factors that influence insertional code-switching. Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between one language variety (the primary language) and another (the secondary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Debasmita Bhattacharya , Marten van Schijndel

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in speech generation and recognition, their applications are mainly confined to monolingual scenarios, with limited explorations in code-switched (CS) contexts. In this paper, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-25 Jing Xu , Daxin Tan , Jiaqi Wang , Xiao Chen

Code-switching is a speech phenomenon occurring when a speaker switches language during a conversation. Despite the spontaneous nature of code-switching in conversational spoken language, most existing works collect code-switching data from…

In the area of multi-domain speech recognition, research in the past focused on hybrid acoustic models to build cross-domain and domain-invariant speech recognition systems. In this paper, we empirically examine the difference in behavior…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-10 Thai-Son Nguyen , Sebastian Stüker , Alex Waibel

Language development experts need tools that can automatically identify languages from fluent, conversational speech, and provide reliable estimates of usage rates at the level of an individual recording. However, language identification…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-31 Suzy J. Styles , Victoria Y. H. Chua , Fei Ting Woon , Hexin Liu , Leibny Paola Garcia Perera , Sanjeev Khudanpur , Andy W. H. Khong , Justin Dauwels

Code-mixing is increasingly prevalent in interactions between humans and large language models, yet existing work often reduces it to a translation or convertibility problem, making it difficult to assess whether a model's switching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Qingyan Yang , Tongxi Wang , Yunsheng Luo
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