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While offering unprecedented resolution of atomic and electronic structure, Scanning Probe Microscopy techniques have found greater challenges in providing reliable electrostatic characterization at the same scale. In this work, we…

Ferroelectric domain imaging with piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) relies on the converse piezoelectric effect: a voltage applied to the sample leads to mechanical deformations. In case of PFM one electrode is realized by the tip,…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-06-25 T. Jungk , A. Hoffmann , E. Soergel

Electromechanical hysteresis loop measurements in Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (Piezoresponse Force Spectroscopy) have emerged as a powerful technique for probing ferroelectric switching behavior on the nanoscale. Interpretation of PFS…

Materials Science · Physics 2009-11-11 Anna N. Morozovska , Eugene A. Eliseev , Sergei V. Kalinin

The thermodynamics and kinetics of tip-induced polarization switching in Piezoresponse Force Microscopy in the presence of surface charge defects is studied using the combination of analytical and numerical techniques. The signature of the…

Polarization dynamics in ferroelectric materials are explored via the automated experiment in Piezoresponse Force Spectroscopy. A Bayesian Optimization framework for imaging is developed and its performance for a variety of acquisition and…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-06-24 Rama K. Vasudevan , Kyle Kelley , Jacob Hinkle , Hiroshi Funakubo , Stephen Jesse , Sergei V. Kalinin , Maxim Ziatdinov

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a powerful tool for studying contact electrification at the nanoscale, but converting KPFM voltage maps to charge density maps is non-trivial due to long-range forces and complex system geometry. Here…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-11-30 Felix Pertl , Juan Carlos Sobarzo , Lubuna Shafeek , Tobias Cramer , Scott Waitukaitis

Point-spread function of the probe forming optics ($PSF_{optics} $) is reported for the first time in an uncorrected (without multipole correctors) scanning electron microscope (SEM). In an SEM, the electron probe information is lost as the…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-07-02 Surya Kamal , Richard K. Hailstone

Buckling at the micro and nanoscale generates distant bistable states which can be beneficial for sensing, shape-reconfiguration and mechanical computation applications. Although different approaches have been developed to access buckling…

In 2D field effect transistors the gate electrostatically dopes the 2D semiconductor (2DSC) channel, tuning the Fermi level. In principle, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) can detect the Fermi level, and its dependence on gate bias as…

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an analytical surface characterization tool which can reveal a sample's topography with high spatial resolution while simultaneously probing tip-sample interactions. Local measurement of chemical properties…

Applied Physics · Physics 2018-09-06 Omur E. Dagdeviren , Yoichi Miyahara , Aaron Mascaro , Peter Grutter

The local hysteresis loop obtained by switching spectroscopy piezoresponse force microscopy (SS-PFM) is usually regarded as a typical signature of ferroelectric switching. However, such hysteresis loops were also observed in a broad variety…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2014-10-31 Hongchen Miao , Chi Tan , Xilong Zhou , Xiaoyong Wei , Faxin Li

Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) is widely used to measure the surface potential on samples, from which electrostatic patch force can be calculated. However, since the KPFM measurements represent a weighted average of local potentials…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-01-22 Kun Shi , Pengshun Luo , Jinquan Liu , Hang Yin , Zebing Zhou

Metasurfaces (MSs) have recently become an efficient solution for controlling a spatial field distribution according to the demand of an electromagnetic device. In particular, anomalous reflectors based on impenetrable MSs can be realized…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-05-15 Vyacheslav Ivliev , Stanislav Glybovski

An innovative multi-functional static-passive electromagnetic skin (SP-EMS) solution is proposed to simultaneously support, in reflection, two independent wave-manipulation functionalities with a single meta-atoms arrangement on the EMS…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-15 Giacomo Oliveri , Francesco Zardi , Aaron Angel Salas Sanchez , Andrea Massa

Electrostatic field matching (EFM) has recently appeared as a novel physics-inspired paradigm for data generation and transfer using the idea of an electric capacitor. However, it requires modeling electrostatic fields using neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Stepan I. Manukhov , Alexander Kolesov , Vladimir V. Palyulin , Alexander Korotin

Knowledge of surface forces is the key to understanding a large number of processes in fields ranging from physics to material science and biology. The most common method to study surfaces is dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM). Dynamic…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2013-02-06 Daniel Platz , Daniel Forchheimer , Erik A. Tholen , David B. Haviland

In this work, all the independent elastic coefficients, piezoelectric coefficients, and internal frictions of a single alpha-quartz crystal are determined using our recently proposed partial-electrode electromechanical impedance…

Applied Physics · Physics 2022-12-02 Mingyu Xie , Wenshuo Bai , Faxin Li

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) allows one to image the domain structure of ferromagnetic samples by probing the dipole forces between a magnetic probe tip and a magnetic sample. The magnetic domain structure of the sample depends on the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2014-02-24 M. Schneiderbauer , F. J. Giessibl

Electronic polarization and dispersion are decisive actors in determining interaction energies between molecules. These interactions have a particularly profound effect on excitation energies of molecules in complex environments, especially…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-12-13 Thomas P. Fay , Nicolas Ferré , Miquel Huix-Rotllant

Intrinsic domain wall width is a fundamental parameter that reflects bulk ferroelectric properties and governs the performance of ferroelectric memory devices. We present closed-form analytical expressions for vertical and lateral…