Related papers: Atmospheric & geodesic controls on muon rate: a nu…
The flux of cosmic ray muons at the Earth's surface exhibits seasonal variations due to changes in the temperature of the atmosphere affecting the production and decay of mesons in the upper atmosphere. Using 1473 live days of data…
Measurements of the muon content of extensive air showers at the highest energies show discrepancies compared to simulations as large as the differences between proton and iron. This so-called muon puzzle is commonly attributed to a lack of…
The first parts of the thesis recalls the main features of the large MACRO experiment at the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory. It then describes the atmospheric muons measured by the experiment and the selection criteria to obtain and…
Production of muons and neutrinos in cosmic ray interactions with the atmosphere has been investigated with a cascade simulation program based on Lund Monte Carlo programs. The resulting `conventional' muon and neutrino fluxes (from $\pi…
Simulations of geosynchrotron radio emission from extensive air showers performed with the Monte Carlo code REAS1 used analytical parameterisations to describe the spatial, temporal, energy and angular particle distributions in air showers.…
We present a review of atmospheric and underground muon flux measurements. The relevance of these data for the atmospheric neutrino flux computation is emphasized. Possible sources of systematic errors in the measurements are discussed,…
High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth's atmosphere. The interpretation of experimental data relies on accurate modeling of the air shower development. Simulations based on…
A comprehensive statistical model is developed for vertical profiles of the horizontal wind and temperature throughout the troposphere based on several-years radiosonde measurements of strong winds. The profiles measured under quite…
The vertical sea-level muon spectrum at energies above 1 GeV and the underground/underwater muon intensities at depths up to 18 km w.e. are calculated. The results are particularly collated with a great body of the ground-level,…
Production of high-energy muons in cosmic-ray air showers, relevant for underground detectors, depends on the properties of the primary cosmic ray as well as the atmospheric temperature through the competition between decay and…
The atmospheric secondary proton flux is studied for altitudes extending from sea level up to the top of atmosphere by means of a 3-dimensional Monte-Carlo simulation procedure successfully used previously to account for flux measurements…
Recent measurements of radiation gamma background at high mountain altitude, namely at Basic Environmental Observatory Moussala (42{\deg}10' 45" N; 23{\deg} 35'07"E, 2925m a.s.l.) are carried out. The measurements are fulfilled with several…
In a 2015 study, particle physicists reported the first observed seasonal variation of multiple muon events in the MINOS Far and Near Detectors, where multiple muon events created by cosmic rays were observed to be more numerous in the…
A measurement is presented of the flux ratio of positive and negative muons from cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere, using data collected by the CMS detector at ground level and in the underground experimental cavern. The excellent…
The zenital dependence of muon flux which reaches the earth's surface is well known as proportional to cos^n(\theta). Generally, for practical purposes and simplicity in calculations, n is taken as 2. However, compilations of measurements…
A major challenge in ground-based ultra-high-energy gamma-ray observations remains in discriminating sporadic gamma-ray signals from a huge background of cosmic-ray events. To achieve good discrimination power of gamma rays against protons,…
We present time-domain Monte Carlo simulations of radio emission from cosmic ray air showers in the scheme of coherent geosynchrotron radiation. Our model takes into account the important air shower characteristics such as the lateral and…
Seasonal variations of atmospheric muons are traditionally interpreted in terms of an effective temperature that relates the atmospheric temperature profile at a given time to the dependence of muon production on atmospheric depth. This…
Air pollution in cities and the possibilities of reducing this pollution represents one of the most important factors that today's society has to deal with. This paper focuses on a systemic approach to traffic emissions with their relation…
Muography is a well estabilished method to obtain 3D images of large objects (e.g. volcanoes and large buildings) without any additional particle source, taking advantage of the presence of cosmic muons. The underlying principle of…