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Code-switching (CS) is a common linguistic phenomenon exhibited by multilingual individuals, where they tend to alternate between languages within one single conversation. CS is a complex phenomenon that not only encompasses linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Injy Hamed , Alia El Bolock , Cornelia Herbert , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Code-switching (CS) is a widespread phenomenon among bilingual and multilingual societies. The lack of CS resources hinders the performance of many NLP tasks. In this work, we explore the potential use of bilingual word embeddings for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Injy Hamed , Moritz Zhu , Mohamed Elmahdy , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

In this work, we use language modeling to investigate the factors that influence insertional code-switching. Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between one language variety (the primary language) and another (the secondary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Debasmita Bhattacharya , Marten van Schijndel

The theoretical code-switching (CS) literature provides numerous pointwise investigations that aim to explain patterns in CS, i.e. why bilinguals switch language in certain positions in a sentence more often than in others. A resulting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Igor Sterner , Simone Teufel

Code-Switching (CS) is referred to the phenomenon of alternately using words and phrases from different languages. While today's neural end-to-end (E2E) models deliver state-of-the-art performances on the task of automatic speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Christian Huber , Juan Hussain , Alexander Waibel

Code-switching, or switching between languages, occurs for many reasons and has important linguistic, sociological, and cultural implications. Multilingual speakers code-switch for a variety of purposes, such as expressing emotions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Ritu Belani , Jeffrey Flanigan

Language identification for code-switching (CS), the phenomenon of alternating between two or more languages in conversations, has traditionally been approached under the assumption of a single language per token. However, if at least one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Manuel Mager , Özlem Çetinoğlu , Katharina Kann

Code-switching (CS) occurs when a speaker alternates words of two or more languages within a single sentence or across sentences. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) of CS speech has to deal with two or more languages at the same time. In…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-19 Xinyuan Zhou , Emre Yılmaz , Yanhua Long , Yijie Li , Haizhou Li

Code-switching (CS) is the process of speakers interchanging between two or more languages which in the modern world becomes increasingly common. In order to better describe CS speech the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) theory introduces the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Olga Iakovenko , Thomas Hain

Languages usually switch within a multilingual speech signal, especially in a bilingual society. This phenomenon is referred to as code-switching (CS), making automatic speech recognition (ASR) challenging under a multilingual scenario. We…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-02 Hexin Liu , Leibny Paola Garcia , Xiangyu Zhang , Andy W. H. Khong , Sanjeev Khudanpur

Code-switching, the alternation of languages within a conversation or utterance, is a common communicative phenomenon that occurs in multilingual communities across the world. This survey reviews computational approaches for code-switched…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-24 Sunayana Sitaram , Khyathi Raghavi Chandu , Sai Krishna Rallabandi , Alan W Black

Code-switching (CS) is common in daily conversations where more than one language is used within a sentence. The difficulties of CS speech recognition lie in alternating languages and the lack of transcribed data. Therefore, this paper uses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Liang-Hsuan Tseng , Yu-Kuan Fu , Heng-Jui Chang , Hung-yi Lee

Linguistic Code Switching (CS) is a phenomenon that occurs when multilingual speakers alternate between two or more languages/dialects within a single conversation. Processing CS data is especially challenging in intra-sentential data given…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Fahad AlGhamdi , Mona Diab

Code-switching is a prevalent linguistic phenomenon in which multilingual individuals seamlessly alternate between languages. Despite its widespread use online and recent research trends in this area, research in code-switching presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Frances A. Laureano De Leon , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Mark Lee

Code-Switching (CS) is a common phenomenon observed in several bilingual and multilingual communities, thereby attaining prevalence in digital and social media platforms. This increasing prominence demands the need to model CS languages for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Khyathi Raghavi Chandu , Alan W Black

Code-Switching (CS) is a common linguistic phenomenon in multilingual communities that consists of switching between languages while speaking. This paper presents our investigations on end-to-end speech recognition for Mandarin-English CS…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Chia-Yu Li , Ngoc Thang Vu

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a vital computational method for addressing language processing, analysis, and generation. NLP tasks form the core of many daily applications, from automatic text correction to speech recognition. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Caroline Sabty

Code-switching (CS) is the alternating use of two or more languages within a conversation or utterance, often influenced by social context and speaker identity. This linguistic phenomenon poses challenges for Automatic Speech Recognition…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Peng Xie , Xingyuan Liu , Tsz Wai Chan , Yequan Bie , Yangqiu Song , Yang Wang , Hao Chen , Kani Chen

Code-switching is a common phenomenon among multilingual speakers, where alternation between two or more languages occurs within the context of a single conversation. While multilingual humans can seamlessly switch back and forth between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Thamme Gowda , Mozhdeh Gheini , Jonathan May

Lately, the problem of code-switching has gained a lot of attention and has emerged as an active area of research. In bilingual communities, the speakers commonly embed the words and phrases of a non-native language into the syntax of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Ganji Sreeram , Rohit Sinha
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