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Deep learning techniques are one of the most significant elements of any Artificial Intelligence (AI) services. Recently, these Machine Learning (ML) methods, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), presented exceptional achievement in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Mohammad Mehdi Yadollahi , Farzaneh Shoeleh , Sajjad Dadkhah , Ali A. Ghorbani

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities but also pose risks by learning and generating copyrighted material, leading to significant legal and ethical concerns. In a potential real-world scenario,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Guangyao Dou

The rapid advancement of deep learning has turned models into highly valuable assets due to their reliance on massive data and costly training processes. However, these models are increasingly vulnerable to leakage and theft, highlighting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yunfei Yang , Xiaojun Chen , Zhendong Zhao , Yu Zhou , Xiaoyan Gu , Juan Cao

In this paper, we highlight a critical threat posed by emerging neural models: data plagiarism. We demonstrate how modern neural models (e.g., diffusion models) can replicate copyrighted images, even when protected by advanced watermarking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zihang Zou , Boqing Gong , Liqiang Wang

By and large, existing Intellectual Property (IP) protection on deep neural networks typically i) focus on image classification task only, and ii) follow a standard digital watermarking framework that was conventionally used to protect the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Jian Han Lim , Chee Seng Chan , Kam Woh Ng , Lixin Fan , Qiang Yang

Recently, the research on protecting the intellectual properties (IP) of deep neural networks (DNN) has attracted serious concerns. A number of DNN copyright protection methods have been proposed. However, most of the existing watermarking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Shichang Sun , Mingfu Xue , Jian Wang , Weiqiang Liu

Watermarking is an important copyright protection technology which generally embeds the identity information into the carrier imperceptibly. Then the identity can be extracted to prove the copyright from the watermarked carrier even after…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Sulong Ge , Zhihua Xia , Jianwei Fei , Xingming Sun , Jian Weng

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities but also pose risks by learning and generating copyrighted material, leading to significant legal and ethical concerns. In real-world scenarios, model owners…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Guangyao Dou , Zheyuan Liu , Qing Lyu , Kaize Ding , Eric Wong

The training of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) is costly, thus DNN can be considered as the intellectual properties (IP) of model owners. To date, most of the existing protection works focus on verifying the ownership after the DNN model is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Mingfu Xue , Shichang Sun , Can He , Yushu Zhang , Jian Wang , Weiqiang Liu

Training a deep neural network (DNN) requires a high computational cost. Buying models from sellers with a large number of computing resources has become prevailing. However, the buyer-seller environment is not always trusted. To protect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Yusheng Guo , Nan Zhong , Zhenxing Qian , Xinpeng Zhang

Although an ever-growing number of applications employ deep learning based systems for prediction, decision-making, or state estimation, almost no certification processes have been established that would allow such systems to be deployed in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Romeo Valentin

The intellectual property (IP) of Deep neural networks (DNNs) can be easily ``stolen'' by surrogate model attack. There has been significant progress in solutions to protect the IP of DNN models in classification tasks. However, little…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Jie Zhang , Dongdong Chen , Jing Liao , Han Fang , Zehua Ma , Weiming Zhang , Gang Hua , Nenghai Yu

Model watermarking techniques can embed watermark information into the protected model for ownership declaration by constructing specific input-output pairs. However, existing watermarks are easily removed when facing model stealing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yunfei Yang , Xiaojun Chen , Yuexin Xuan , Zhendong Zhao , Xin Zhao , He Li

Deploying Machine Learning as a Service gives rise to model plagiarism, leading to copyright infringement. Ownership testing techniques are designed to identify model fingerprints for verifying plagiarism. However, previous works often rely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Aoting Hu , Zhigang Lu , Renjie Xie , Minhui Xue

Due to the wide use of highly-valuable and large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs), it becomes crucial to protect the intellectual property of DNNs so that the ownership of disputed or stolen DNNs can be verified. Most existing solutions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Peizhuo Lv , Pan Li , Shengzhi Zhang , Kai Chen , Ruigang Liang , Yue Zhao , Yingjiu Li

Modern over-parameterized deep models are highly data-dependent, with large scale general-purpose and domain-specific datasets serving as the bedrock for rapid advancements. However, many datasets are proprietary or contain sensitive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Hongyu Zhu , Sichu Liang , Wenwen Wang , Zhuomeng Zhang , Fangqi Li , Shi-Lin Wang

With the proliferation of AI agents in various domains, protecting the ownership of AI models has become crucial due to the significant investment in their development. Unauthorized use and illegal distribution of these models pose serious…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Erjin Bao , Ching-Chun Chang , Hanrui Wang , Isao Echizen

Machine learning (ML) models are applied in an increasing variety of domains. The availability of large amounts of data and computational resources encourages the development of ever more complex and valuable models. These models are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Franziska Boenisch

With substantial amount of time, resources and human (team) efforts invested to explore and develop successful deep neural networks (DNN), there emerges an urgent need to protect these inventions from being illegally copied, redistributed,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Lixin Fan , Kam Woh Ng , Chee Seng Chan

In response to the growing popularity of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to solve problems in various industries, various malicious groups have started to target such techniques in their attack plan. However, as ML models are constantly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Shahinul Hoque , Farhin Farhad Riya , Yingyuan Yang , Jinyuan Sun