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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in deep learning has traditionally been framed as a binary task, where samples are either classified as belonging to the known classes or marked as OOD, with little attention given to the semantic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Erik Wallin , Fredrik Kahl , Lars Hammarstrand

Out-of-Distribution(OOD) detection, a fundamental machine learning task aimed at identifying abnormal samples, traditionally requires model retraining for different inlier distributions. While recent research demonstrates the applicability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Hongzhe Cheng , Tianyou Zheng , Tianyi Zhang , Matthew Johnson-Roberson , Weiming Zhi

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for deploying deep learning models in open-world environments. Existing approaches, such as energy-based scoring and gradient-projection methods, typically rely on high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-04 Zhexiao Huang , Weihao He , Shutao Deng , Junzhe Chen , Chao Yuan , Hongxin Wang , Changsheng Zhou

Image classification plays a pivotal role across diverse applications, yet challenges persist when models are deployed in real-world scenarios. Notably, these models falter in detecting unfamiliar classes that were not incorporated during…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Butian Xiong , Liguang Zhou , Tin Lun Lam , Yangsheng Xu

Out-of-distribution (OoD) inputs pose a persistent challenge to deep learning models, often triggering overconfident predictions on non-target objects. While prior work has primarily focused on refining scoring functions and adjusting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Changshun Wu , Weicheng He , Chih-Hong Cheng , Xiaowei Huang , Saddek Bensalem

The ability to detect objects that are not prevalent in the training set is a critical capability in many 3D applications, including autonomous driving. Machine learning methods for object recognition often assume that all object categories…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Zizhao Li , Xueyang Kang , Joseph West , Kourosh Khoshelham

The reliability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in open-world settings depends heavily on their ability to flag out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs unseen during training. Recent advances in large-scale vision-language models (VLMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Faizul Rakib Sayem , Shahana Ibrahim

In the domain of machine learning, the assumption that training and test data share the same distribution is often violated in real-world scenarios, requiring effective out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. This paper presents a novel OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Alessandro Canevaro , Julian Schmidt , Mohammad Sajad Marvi , Hang Yu , Georg Martius , Julian Jordan

Deep Learning models are easily disturbed by variations in the input images that were not observed during the training stage, resulting in unpredictable predictions. Detecting such Out-of-Distribution (OOD) images is particularly crucial in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Benjamin Lambert , Florence Forbes , Senan Doyle , Michel Dojat

As deep learning methods form a critical part in commercially important applications such as autonomous driving and medical diagnostics, it is important to reliably detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs while employing these algorithms.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Apoorv Vyas , Nataraj Jammalamadaka , Xia Zhu , Dipankar Das , Bharat Kaul , Theodore L. Willke

Real-world machine learning applications often face simultaneous covariate and semantic shifts, challenging traditional domain generalization and out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods. We introduce Meta-learned Across Domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Haoliang Wang , Chen Zhao , Feng Chen

Computer-aided diagnostics has benefited from the development of deep learning-based computer vision techniques in these years. Traditional supervised deep learning methods assume that the test sample is drawn from the identical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Zesheng Hong , Yubiao Yue , Yubin Chen , Lele Cong , Huanjie Lin , Yuanmei Luo , Mini Han Wang , Weidong Wang , Jialong Xu , Xiaoqi Yang , Hechang Chen , Zhenzhang Li , Sihong Xie

Accurate and explainable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is required to use machine learning systems safely. Previous work has shown that feature distance to decision boundaries can be used to identify OOD data effectively. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Maria Stoica , Francesco Leofante , Alessio Lomuscio

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is crucial in machine learning applications to mitigate the risk of model overconfidence, thereby enhancing the reliability and safety of deployed systems. The majority of existing OOD detection…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Christos Constantinou , Georgios Ioannides , Aman Chadha , Aaron Elkins , Edwin Simpson

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has recently received much attention from the machine learning community due to its importance in deploying machine learning models in real-world applications. In this paper we propose an uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Xiongjie Chen , Yunpeng Li , Yongxin Yang

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection in semantic segmentation aims to localize anomalous regions at the pixel level, advancing beyond traditional image-level OOD techniques to better suit real-world applications such as autonomous driving.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Nimeshika Udayangani , Sarah Erfani , Christopher Leckie

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify OOD data based on representations extracted from well-trained deep models. However, existing methods largely ignore the reprogramming property of deep models and thus may not fully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Qizhou Wang , Feng Liu , Yonggang Zhang , Jing Zhang , Chen Gong , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

Near out-of-distribution detection (OODD) aims at discriminating semantically similar data points without the supervision required for classification. This paper puts forward an OODD use case for radar targets detection extensible to other…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-06 Martin Bauw , Santiago Velasco-Forero , Jesus Angulo , Claude Adnet , Olivier Airiau

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for ensuring the robustness of machine learning models by identifying samples that deviate from the training distribution. While traditional OOD detection has primarily focused on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Shawn Li , Huixian Gong , Hao Dong , Tiankai Yang , Zhengzhong Tu , Yue Zhao

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is the problem of identifying inputs which are unrelated to the in-distribution task. The OOD detection performance when the in-distribution (ID) is ImageNet-1K is commonly being tested on a small range…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Julian Bitterwolf , Maximilian Müller , Matthias Hein