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This paper presents an in-depth investigation on integrating neural language models in translation systems. Scaling neural language models is a difficult task, but crucial for real-world applications. This paper evaluates the impact on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-03-23 Paul Baltescu , Phil Blunsom

This paper proposes an adaptive neural-compilation framework to address the problem of efficient program learning. Traditional code optimisation strategies used in compilers are based on applying pre-specified set of transformations that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-27 Rudy Bunel , Alban Desmaison , Pushmeet Kohli , Philip H. S. Torr , M. Pawan Kumar

We introduce a new application for inductive logic programming: learning the semantics of programming languages from example evaluations. In this short paper, we explored a simplified task in this domain using the Metagol meta-interpretive…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Sándor Bartha , James Cheney

Pre-trained transformer language models (TLMs) have recently refashioned natural language processing (NLP): Most state-of-the-art NLP models now operate on top of TLMs to benefit from contextualization and knowledge induction. To explain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Karolina Zaczynska , Nils Feldhus , Robert Schwarzenberg , Aleksandra Gabryszak , Sebastian Möller

Counterfactual mean estimators such as difference-in-differences and synthetic control have grown into workhorse tools for program evaluation. Inference for these estimators is well-developed in settings where all post-treatment data is…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-05-01 Sam van Meer , Nick W. Koning

State-of-the-art deep-learning-based approaches to Natural Language Processing (NLP) are credited with various capabilities that involve reasoning with natural language texts. In this paper we carry out a large-scale empirical study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Viktor Schlegel , Kamen V. Pavlov , Ian Pratt-Hartmann

Computer programs are often factored into pure components -- simple, total functions from inputs to outputs -- and components that may have side effects -- errors, changes to memory, parallel threads, abortion of the current loop, etc. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Dylan Bumford , Simon Charlow

Text style transfer (TST) is the task of transforming a text to reflect a particular style while preserving its original content. Evaluating TST outputs is a multidimensional challenge, requiring the assessment of style transfer accuracy,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Sourabrata Mukherjee , Atul Kr. Ojha , John P. McCrae , Ondrej Dusek

A program is characterized by its input model, and a formal input model can be of use in diverse areas including vulnerability analysis, reverse engineering, fuzzing and software testing, clone detection and refactoring. Unfortunately,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-13 Rahul Gopinath , Björn Mathis , Andreas Zeller

Current evaluation metrics for language modeling and generation rely heavily on the accuracy of predicted (or generated) words as compared to a reference ground truth. While important, token-level accuracy only captures one aspect of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Shiran Dudy , Steven Bedrick

When writing programs, people have the ability to tackle a new complex task by decomposing it into smaller and more familiar subtasks. While it is difficult to measure whether neural program synthesis methods have similar capabilities, what…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Kensen Shi , Joey Hong , Manzil Zaheer , Pengcheng Yin , Charles Sutton

Probabilistic logic programs are logic programs in which some of the facts are annotated with probabilities. This paper investigates how classical inference and learning tasks known from the graphical model community can be tackled for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Daan Fierens , Guy Van den Broeck , Joris Renkens , Dimitar Shterionov , Bernd Gutmann , Ingo Thon , Gerda Janssens , Luc De Raedt

Given the complexity of combinations of tasks, languages, and domains in natural language processing (NLP) research, it is computationally prohibitive to exhaustively test newly proposed models on each possible experimental setting. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Mengzhou Xia , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Ruochen Xu , Yiming Yang , Graham Neubig

Modern embedding-based metrics for evaluation of generated text generally fall into one of two paradigms: discriminative metrics that are trained to directly predict which outputs are of higher quality according to supervised human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Yiwei Qin , Weizhe Yuan , Graham Neubig , Pengfei Liu

It is widely acknowledged that function symbols are an important feature in answer set programming, as they make modeling easier, increase the expressive power, and allow us to deal with infinite domains. The main issue with their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Marco Calautti , Sergio Greco , Cristian Molinaro , Irina Trubitsyna

Automatic n-gram based metrics such as ROUGE are widely used for evaluating generative tasks such as summarization. While these metrics are considered indicative (even if imperfect) of human evaluation for English, their suitability for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Itai Mondshine , Tzuf Paz-Argaman , Reut Tsarfaty

Native speakers can judge whether a sentence is an acceptable instance of their language. Acceptability provides a means of evaluating whether computational language models are processing language in a human-like manner. We test the ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Wang Jing , M. A. Kelly , David Reitter

Computer programming textbooks and software documentations often contain flowcharts to illustrate the flow of an algorithm or procedure. Modern OCR engines often tag these flowcharts as graphics and ignore them in further processing. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Shreya Shukla , Prajwal Gatti , Yogesh Kumar , Vikash Yadav , Anand Mishra

The layered structure of deep neural networks hinders the use of numerous analysis tools and thus the development of its interpretability. Inspired by the success of functional brain networks, we propose a novel framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Ben Zhang , Zhetong Dong , Junsong Zhang , Hongwei Lin

While there is increasing concern about the interpretability of neural models, the evaluation of interpretability remains an open problem, due to the lack of proper evaluation datasets and metrics. In this paper, we present a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Lijie Wang , Yaozong Shen , Shuyuan Peng , Shuai Zhang , Xinyan Xiao , Hao Liu , Hongxuan Tang , Ying Chen , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang