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This paper reviews the recent literature on solving the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT), an archetypal NP-complete problem, with the help of machine learning techniques. Despite the great success of modern SAT solvers to solve large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Wenxuan Guo , Junchi Yan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Xijun Li , Mingxuan Yuan , Yaohui Jin

Existing methods provide varying algorithms for different types of Boolean satisfiability problems (SAT), lacking a general solution framework. Accordingly, this study proposes a unified framework DCSAT based on integer programming and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Anqi Li , Congying Han , Tiande Guo , Haoran Li , Bonan Li

Instruction tuning has significantly advanced large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, enabling them to align with human instructions across diverse tasks. However, progress in open vision-language models (VLMs) has been limited due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Lei Li , Yuwei Yin , Shicheng Li , Liang Chen , Peiyi Wang , Shuhuai Ren , Mukai Li , Yazheng Yang , Jingjing Xu , Xu Sun , Lingpeng Kong , Qi Liu

Propositional satisfiability (SAT) is one of the most fundamental problems in computer science. The worst-case hardness of SAT lies at the core of computational complexity theory. The average-case analysis of SAT has triggered the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Tobias Friedrich , Anton Krohmer , Ralf Rothenberger , Thomas Sauerwald , Andrew M. Sutton

Much effort is spent everyday by programmers in trying to reduce long, failing execution traces to the cause of the error. We present a new algorithm for error cause localization based on a reduction to the maximal satisfiability problem…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2011-03-10 Manu Jose , Rupak Majumdar

We discuss the topic of unsatisfiability proofs in SMT, particularly with reference to quantifier free non-linear real arithmetic. We outline how the methods here do not admit trivial proofs and how past formalisation attempts are not…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Erika Abraham , James H. Davenport , Matthew England , Gereon Kremer

Large language models have achieved striking results in interactive theorem proving, particularly in Lean. However, most benchmarks for LLM-based proof automation are drawn from mathematics in the Mathlib ecosystem, whereas proofs in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yutong Xin , Qiaochu Chen , Greg Durrett , Işil Dillig

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) for medical applications remains challenging due to benchmark saturation, limited data accessibility, and insufficient coverage of relevant tasks. Existing suites have either saturated, heavily depend…

We prove several decidability and undecidability results for the satisfiability and validity problems for languages that can express solutions to word equations with length constraints. The atomic formulas over this language are equality…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-06-26 Vijay Ganesh , Mia Minnes , Armando Solar-Lezama , Martin Rinard

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem, the first problem proven to be NP-complete, has become a fundamental challenge in computational complexity, with widespread applications in optimization and verification across many domains. Despite…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Curie Kim , Carsten Portner , Mingju Liu , Steve Dai , Haoxing Ren , Brucek Khailany , Alvaro Velasquez , Ismail Alkhouri , Cunxi Yu

Applying deep learning to solve real-life instances of hard combinatorial problems has tremendous potential. Research in this direction has focused on the Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem, both because of its theoretical centrality and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Dimitris Achlioptas , Amrit Daswaney , Periklis A. Papakonstantinou

The promise constraint satisfaction problem (PCSP) is a recently introduced vast generalisation of the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) that captures approximability of satisfiable instances. A PCSP instance comes with two forms of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Alex Brandts , Stanislav Živný

Boolean Satisfiability problems are vital components in Electronic Design Automation, particularly within the Logic Equivalence Checking process. Currently, SAT solvers are employed for these problems and neural network is tried as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Tsz Ho Chan , Wenyi Xiao , Junhua Huang , Huiling Zhen , Guangji Tian , Mingxuan Yuan

Boolean satisfiability ({\SAT}) has played a key role in diverse areas spanning testing, formal verification, planning, optimization, inferencing and the like. Apart from the classical problem of checking boolean satisfiability, the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-04-29 Kuldeep S. Meel

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problems are critical in fields such as artificial intelligence and cryptography, where efficient solutions are essential. Conventional probabilistic solvers often encounter scalability issues due to complex…

In the contexts of automated reasoning and formal verification, important decision problems are effectively encoded into Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT). In the last decade efficient SMT solvers have been developed for several theories…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-02-08 Roberto Sebastiani , Silvia Tomasi

We analyse the complexity of the satisfiability problem ssmSAT for State Space Models (SSM), which asks whether an input sequence can lead the model to an accepting configuration. We find that ssmSAT is undecidable in general, reflecting…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Eric Alsmann , Martin Lange

Optimization problems such as the NP-complete 3-SAT provide an important benchmark for the difficult task of finding ground-states in strongly correlated many-body systems with rugged energy landscapes. The study of random 3-SAT problems as…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-21 J. Schwardt , J. C. Budich

We study the structure of satisfying assignments of a random 3-SAT formula. In particular, we show that a random formula of density 4.453 or higher almost surely has no non-trivial "core" assignments. Core assignments are certain partial…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-09-01 Elitza Maneva , Alistair Sinclair

Following the recent achievement of gold-medal performance on the IMO by frontier LLMs, the community is searching for the next meaningful and challenging target for measuring LLM reasoning. Whereas olympiad-style problems measure…