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Two distinct limits for deep learning have been derived as the network width $h\rightarrow \infty$, depending on how the weights of the last layer scale with $h$. In the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) limit, the dynamics becomes linear in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-30 Mario Geiger , Stefano Spigler , Arthur Jacot , Matthieu Wyart

In deep neural network, the cross-entropy loss function is commonly used for classification. Minimizing cross-entropy is equivalent to maximizing likelihood under assumptions of uniform feature and class distributions. It belongs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Donglai Zhu , Hengshuai Yao , Bei Jiang , Peng Yu

In this article, we review the literature on statistical theories of neural networks from three perspectives: approximation, training dynamics and generative models. In the first part, results on excess risks for neural networks are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-17 Namjoon Suh , Guang Cheng

One of the central challenges in modern machine learning is understanding how neural networks generalize knowledge learned from training data to unseen test data. While numerous empirical techniques have been proposed to improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Entao Yang , Xiaotian Zhang , Yue Shang , Ge Zhang

A primary advantage of neural networks lies in their feature learning characteristics, which is challenging to theoretically analyze due to the complexity of their training dynamics. We propose a new paradigm for studying feature learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Haobo Zhang , Jianfa Lai , Yicheng Li , Qian Lin , Jun S. Liu

In this paper, we study the generalization performance of overparameterized 3-layer NTK models. We show that, for a specific set of ground-truth functions (which we refer to as the "learnable set"), the test error of the overfitted 3-layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Peizhong Ju , Xiaojun Lin , Ness B. Shroff

This work presents a novel means for understanding learning dynamics and scaling relations in neural networks. We show that certain measures on the spectrum of the empirical neural tangent kernel, specifically entropy and trace, yield…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Samuel Tovey , Sven Krippendorf , Michael Spannowsky , Konstantin Nikolaou , Christian Holm

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art results in various pattern recognition tasks. However, they perform poorly on out-of-distribution adversarial examples i.e. inputs that are specifically crafted by an adversary to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-09 Chirag Agarwal , Anh Nguyen , Dan Schonfeld

Classifiers built with neural networks handle large-scale high dimensional data, such as facial images from computer vision, extremely well while traditional statistical methods often fail miserably. In this paper, we attempt to understand…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-04 Tianyang Hu , Zuofeng Shang , Guang Cheng

Classical statistical learning theory predicts that overparameterized models should exhibit severe overfitting, yet modern deep neural networks with far more parameters than training samples consistently generalize well. This contradiction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Zeran Johannsen

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) characterizes the behavior of infinitely-wide neural networks trained under least squares loss by gradient descent. Recent works also report that NTK regression can outperform finitely-wide neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Amir Zandieh , Insu Han , Haim Avron , Neta Shoham , Chaewon Kim , Jinwoo Shin

In this paper, we study the generalization performance of min $\ell_2$-norm overfitting solutions for the neural tangent kernel (NTK) model of a two-layer neural network with ReLU activation that has no bias term. We show that, depending on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Peizhong Ju , Xiaojun Lin , Ness B. Shroff

The past decade has witnessed a successful application of deep learning to solving many challenging problems in machine learning and artificial intelligence. However, the loss functions of deep neural networks (especially nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-23 Yi Zhou , Yingbin Liang

Artificial neural networks have revolutionized machine learning in recent years, but a complete theoretical framework for their learning process is still lacking. Substantial advances were achieved for wide networks, within two disparate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Yehonatan Avidan , Qianyi Li , Haim Sompolinsky

Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in bearing fault diagnosis. However, its performance oftentimes deteriorates when dealing with highly imbalanced or long-tailed data, while such cases are prevalent in industrial settings…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-22 Wei-En Yu , Jinwei Sun , Shiping Zhang , Xiaoge Zhang , Jing-Xiao Liao

Larger and deeper networks generalise well despite their increased capacity to overfit. Understanding why this happens is theoretically and practically important. One recent approach looks at the infinitely wide limits of such networks and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Adrian Goldwaser , Hong Ge

We show that for unconstrained Deep Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) classifiers, maximum-likelihood training admits pathological solutions in which class means drift together, covariances collapse, and the learned representation becomes…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-06 Maxat Tezekbayev , Rustem Takhanov , Arman Bolatov , Zhenisbek Assylbekov

A promising direction in deep learning research consists in learning representations and simultaneously discovering cluster structure in unlabeled data by optimizing a discriminative loss function. As opposed to supervised deep learning,…

Recently, neural tangent kernel (NTK) has been used to explain the dynamics of learning parameters of neural networks, at the large width limit. Quantitative analyses of NTK give rise to network widths that are often impractical and incur…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Nir Ailon , Supratim Shit

Modern neural networks are often operated in a strongly overparametrized regime: they comprise so many parameters that they can interpolate the training set, even if actual labels are replaced by purely random ones. Despite this, they…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-10 Andrea Montanari , Yiqiao Zhong