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Ensuring large language model (LLM) reliability requires distinguishing objective unsolvability (inherent contradictions) from subjective capability limitations (tasks exceeding model competence). Current LLMs often conflate these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Dengyun Peng , Qiguang Chen , Bofei Liu , Jiannan Guan , Libo Qin , Zheng Yan , Jinhao Liu , Jianshu Zhang , Wanxiang Che

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can subtly manipulate their outputs. While various defense mechanisms have been proposed, many operate as black boxes, lacking transparency in their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Shaowei Guan , Yu Zhai , Zhengyu Zhang , Yanze Wang , Hin Chi Kwok

Question Answering (QA) systems are becoming the inspiring model for the future of search engines. While recently, underlying datasets for QA systems have been promoted from unstructured datasets to structured datasets with highly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-02-17 Saeedeh Shekarpour , Denis Lukovnikov , Ashwini Jaya Kumar , Kemele Endris , Kuldeep Singh , Harsh Thakkar , Christoph Lange

State-of-the-art conversational AI systems raise concerns due to their potential risks of generating unsafe, toxic, unethical, or dangerous content. Previous works have developed datasets to teach conversational agents the appropriate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Souvik Das , Rohini K. Srihari

Table Question Answering (TQA) aims at composing an answer to a question based on tabular data. While prior research has shown that TQA models lack robustness, understanding the underlying cause and nature of this issue remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Wei Zhou , Mohsen Mesgar , Heike Adel , Annemarie Friedrich

Document Visual Question Answering (DocVQA) enables end-to-end reasoning grounded on information present in a document input. While recent models have shown impressive capabilities, they remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Marco Pintore , Maura Pintor , Dimosthenis Karatzas , Battista Biggio

The way users acquire information is undergoing a paradigm shift with the advent of ChatGPT. Unlike conventional search engines, ChatGPT retrieves knowledge from the model itself and generates answers for users. ChatGPT's impressive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Xinyue Shen , Zeyuan Chen , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

We propose a query-based generative model for solving both tasks of question generation (QG) and question an- swering (QA). The model follows the classic encoder- decoder framework. The encoder takes a passage and a query as input then…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-29 Linfeng Song , Zhiguo Wang , Wael Hamza

In the current era, a multitude of language models has emerged to cater to user inquiries. Notably, the GPT-3.5 Turbo language model has gained substantial attention as the underlying technology for ChatGPT. Leveraging extensive parameters,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Hossein Bahak , Farzaneh Taheri , Zahra Zojaji , Arefeh Kazemi

Customer support via chat requires agents to resolve customer queries with minimum wait time and maximum customer satisfaction. Given that the agents as well as the customers can have varying levels of literacy, the overall quality of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Sonal Garg , Sumanth Prabhu , Hemant Misra , G. Srinivasaraghavan

Question answering (QA) in English has been widely explored, but multilingual datasets are relatively new, with several methods attempting to bridge the gap between high- and low-resourced languages using data augmentation through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Arnab Debnath , Navid Rajabi , Fardina Fathmiul Alam , Antonios Anastasopoulos

In question answering (QA), different questions can be effectively addressed with different answering strategies. Some require a simple lookup, while others need complex, multi-step reasoning to be answered adequately. This observation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Mohanna Hoveyda , Arjen P. de Vries , Maarten de Rijke , Harrie Oosterhuis , Faegheh Hasibi

We design, implement, and evaluate adversarial decoding, a new, generic text generation technique that produces readable documents for different adversarial objectives. Prior methods either produce easily detectable gibberish, or cannot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Collin Zhang , Tingwei Zhang , Vitaly Shmatikov

Commonsense question answering (CQA) aims to test if models can answer questions regarding commonsense knowledge that everyone knows. Prior works that incorporate external knowledge bases have shown promising results, but knowledge bases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Zi-Yi Dou , Nanyun Peng

In education, open-ended quiz questions have become an important tool for assessing the knowledge of students. Yet, manually preparing such questions is a tedious task, and thus automatic question generation has been proposed as a possible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Kristiyan Vachev , Momchil Hardalov , Georgi Karadzhov , Georgi Georgiev , Ivan Koychev , Preslav Nakov

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in question answering (QA) tasks. However, Multi-Answer Question Answering (MAQA), where a question may have several valid answers, remains challenging. Traditional QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Eviatar Nachshoni , Arie Cattan , Shmuel Amar , Ori Shapira , Ido Dagan

Chatbots are conversational software applications designed to interact dialectically with users for a plethora of different purposes. Surprisingly, these colloquial agents have only recently been coupled with computational models of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Federico Castagna , Nadin Kokciyan , Isabel Sassoon , Simon Parsons , Elizabeth Sklar

Humans gather information by engaging in conversations involving a series of interconnected questions and answers. For machines to assist in information gathering, it is therefore essential to enable them to answer conversational questions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Siva Reddy , Danqi Chen , Christopher D. Manning

In the era of Big Knowledge Graphs, Question Answering (QA) systems have reached a milestone in their performance and feasibility. However, their applicability, particularly in specific domains such as the biomedical domain, has not gained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Saeedeh Shekarpour , Abhishek Nadgeri , Kuldeep Singh

Medical question answer (QA) assistants respond to lay users' health-related queries by synthesizing information from multiple sources using natural language processing and related techniques. They can serve as vital tools to alleviate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Prakash Chandra Sukhwal , Vaibhav Rajan , Atreyi Kankanhalli