Related papers: Windmills of the minds: an algorithm for Fermat's …

Let $R$ be a valuation ring with fraction field $K$ and $2\in R^\times$. We give an elementary proof of the following known result: Two unimodular quadratic forms over $R$ are isometric over $K$ if and only if they are isometric over $R$.…

We introduce the ring of Fermat reals, an extension of the real field containing nilpotent infinitesimals. The construction takes inspiration from Smooth Infinitesimal Analysis (SIA), but provides a powerful theory of actual infinitesimals…

A non-relativistic quantum mechanical theory is proposed that describes the universe as a continuum of worlds whose mutual interference gives rise to quantum phenomena. A logical framework is introduced to properly deal with propositions…

In this paper, algorithms are developed for computing the Stirling transform and the inverse Stirling transform; specifically, we investigate a class of sequences satisfying a two-term recurrence. We derive a general identity which…

Carroll symmetry is a very powerful characteristic of generic null surfaces, as it replaces the usual Poincar\'e algebra with a vanishing speed of light version thereof. These symmetries have found universal applications in the physics of…

We present an application of the Grassmann algebra to the problem of the monomer-dimer statistics on a two-dimensional square lattice. The exact partition function, or total number of possible configurations, of a system of dimers with a…

In this article we consider the cycle structure of compositions of pairs of involutions in the symmetric group S_n chosen uniformly at random. These can be modeled as modified 2-regular graphs, giving rise to exponential generating…

Chevalley's theorem on the images of morphisms of schemes and the principle of quantifier elimination for the theory of algebraically closed fields are widely understood to be two perspectives on the same theorem. In this paper, we…

We present an algorithm, called BiSC, that describes the patterns avoided by a given set of permutations. It automatically conjectures the statements of known theorems such as the descriptions of stack-sortable (Knuth 1975) and…

We prove a lower bound that agrees with Manin's prediction for the number of rational points of bounded height on the Fermat cubic surface. As an application we provide a simple counterexample to Manin's conjecture over the rationals.

The periodic (ordinal) patterns of a map are the permutations realized by the relative order of the points in its periodic orbits. We give a combinatorial characterization of the periodic patterns of an arbitrary signed shift, in terms of…

J. Hadamard's ideas about the correct formulation of the problems of mathematical physics have been analyzed. In this connection various interpretations of the directly related Banach theorem about the inverse operator has been touched. The…

We extend the Dirichlet principle to non-reversible Markov processes on countable state spaces. We present two variational formulas for the solution of the Poisson equation or, equivalently, for the capacity between two disjoint sets. As an…

In double field theory, the equation of motion for a point particle in the background field is considered. We find that the motion is described by a geodesic flow in the doubled geometry. Inspired by the analysis on the particle motion, we…

We present the proof of Diophantus' 20th problem (book VI of Diophantus' Arithmetica), which consists in wondering if there exist right triangles whose sides may be measured as integers and whose surface may be a square. This problem was…

In this note, we give a proof of the famous theorem of M. Morse dealing with the cancellation of a pair of non-degenerate critical points of a smooth function. Our proof consists of a reduction to the one-dimensional case where the question…

This is a survey and research note on the modified Orlik conjecture derived from the division theorem introduced in [2]. The division theorem is a generalization of classical addition-deletion theorems for free arrangements. The division…

E26 in the Enestrom index. Translated from the Latin original, "Observationes de theoremate quodam Fermatiano aliisque ad numeros primos spectantibus" (1732). In this paper Euler gives a counterexample to Fermat's claim that all numbers of…

This paper gives two different proofs to a structural theorem of decreasing minimization (lexicographic optimization) on integrally convex sets. The theorem states that the set of decreasingly minimal elements of an integrally convex set…

We obtain a general lower bound for the number of fixed points of a circle action on a compact almost complex manifold $M$ of dimension $2n$ with nonempty fixed point set, provided the Chern number $c_1c_{n-1}[M]$ vanishes. The proof…