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This paper shows that masked autoencoders (MAE) are scalable self-supervised learners for computer vision. Our MAE approach is simple: we mask random patches of the input image and reconstruct the missing pixels. It is based on two core…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Kaiming He , Xinlei Chen , Saining Xie , Yanghao Li , Piotr Dollár , Ross Girshick

Self-supervised learning has attracted increasing attention as it learns data-driven representation from data without annotations. Vision transformer-based autoencoder (ViT-AE) by He et al. (2021) is a recent self-supervised learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Chinmay Prabhakar , Hongwei Bran Li , Jiancheng Yang , Suprosana Shit , Benedikt Wiestler , Bjoern Menze

We present a novel method for constructing Variational Autoencoder (VAE). Instead of using pixel-by-pixel loss, we enforce deep feature consistency between the input and the output of a VAE, which ensures the VAE's output to preserve the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Xianxu Hou , Linlin Shen , Ke Sun , Guoping Qiu

The Masked Autoencoder (MAE) has recently demonstrated effectiveness in pre-training Vision Transformers (ViT) for analyzing natural images. By reconstructing complete images from partially masked inputs, the ViT encoder gathers contextual…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Badhan Kumar Das , Gengyan Zhao , Han Liu , Thomas J. Re , Dorin Comaniciu , Eli Gibson , Andreas Maier

Masked autoencoders (MAEs) have established themselves as a powerful method for unsupervised pre-training for computer vision tasks. While vanilla MAEs put equal emphasis on reconstructing the individual parts of the image, we propose to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Leon Sick , Dominik Engel , Pedro Hermosilla , Timo Ropinski

While objects from different categories can be reliably decoded from fMRI brain response patterns, it has proved more difficult to distinguish visually similar inputs, such as different instances of the same category. Here, we apply a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Rufin VanRullen , Leila Reddy

Strong gravitational lensing can reveal the influence of dark-matter substructure in galaxies, but analyzing these effects from noisy, low-resolution images poses a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a masked autoencoder (MAE)…

Human face exhibits an inherent hierarchy in its representations (i.e., holistic facial expressions can be encoded via a set of facial action units (AUs) and their intensity). Variational (deep) auto-encoders (VAE) have shown great results…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-08 Dieu Linh Tran , Robert Walecki , Ognjen Rudovic , Stefanos Eleftheriadis , Bjørn Schuller , Maja Pantic

Representation learning seeks to expose certain aspects of observed data in a learned representation that's amenable to downstream tasks like classification. For instance, a good representation for 2D images might be one that describes only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-07 Xi Chen , Diederik P. Kingma , Tim Salimans , Yan Duan , Prafulla Dhariwal , John Schulman , Ilya Sutskever , Pieter Abbeel

Masked Autoencoders (MAE) based on a reconstruction task have risen to be a promising paradigm for self-supervised learning (SSL) and achieve state-of-the-art performance across different benchmark datasets. However, despite its impressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Qi Zhang , Yifei Wang , Yisen Wang

Masked Autoencoders (MAE) have been popular paradigms for large-scale vision representation pre-training. However, MAE solely reconstructs the low-level RGB signals after the decoder and lacks supervision upon high-level semantics for the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Peng Gao , Renrui Zhang , Rongyao Fang , Ziyi Lin , Hongyang Li , Hongsheng Li , Qiao Yu

Masked Autoencoders (MAEs) have emerged as a dominant strategy for self-supervised representation learning in natural images, where models are pre-trained to reconstruct masked patches with a pixel-wise mean squared error (MSE) between…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-16 Chetan Madan , Aarjav Satia , Soumen Basu , Pankaj Gupta , Usha Dutta , Chetan Arora

In this paper, we propose a novel model called Learnable VAE (L-VAE), which learns a disentangled representation together with the hyperparameters of the cost function. L-VAE can be considered as an extension of \b{eta}-VAE, wherein the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Hazal Mogultay Ozcan , Sinan Kalkan , Fatos T. Yarman-Vural

Masked autoencoder (MAE) is a promising self-supervised pre-training technique that can improve the representation learning of a neural network without human intervention. However, applying MAE directly to volumetric medical images poses…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Jia-Xin Zhuang , Luyang Luo , Hao Chen

Medical vision-and-language pre-training provides a feasible solution to extract effective vision-and-language representations from medical images and texts. However, few studies have been dedicated to this field to facilitate medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Zhihong Chen , Yuhao Du , Jinpeng Hu , Yang Liu , Guanbin Li , Xiang Wan , Tsung-Hui Chang

Image and video restoration has achieved a remarkable leap with the advent of deep learning. The success of deep learning paradigm lies in three key components: data, model, and loss. Currently, many efforts have been devoted to the first…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Man Zhou , Naishan Zheng , Jie Huang , Chunle Guo , Chongyi Li

Masked Autoencoder (MAE) has recently been shown to be effective in pre-training Vision Transformers (ViT) for natural image analysis. By reconstructing full images from partially masked inputs, a ViT encoder aggregates contextual…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-24 Lei Zhou , Huidong Liu , Joseph Bae , Junjun He , Dimitris Samaras , Prateek Prasanna

Latent variable models like the Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE) are commonly used to learn representations of images. However, for downstream tasks like semantic classification, the representations learned by VAE are less competitive than…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-31 Mingtian Zhang , Tim Z. Xiao , Brooks Paige , David Barber

Masked image modeling (MIM) has become a leading self-supervised learning strategy. MIMs such as Masked Autoencoder (MAE) learn strong representations by randomly masking input tokens for the encoder to process, with the decoder…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Taekyung Kim , Sanghyuk Chun , Byeongho Heo , Dongyoon Han

Face recognition, as one of the most successful applications in artificial intelligence, has been widely used in security, administration, advertising, and healthcare. However, the privacy issues of public face datasets have attracted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Kai Wang , Bo Zhao , Xiangyu Peng , Zheng Zhu , Jiankang Deng , Xinchao Wang , Hakan Bilen , Yang You
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