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Paired cluster-randomized experiments (pCRTs) are common across many disciplines because there is often natural clustering of individuals, and paired randomization can help balance baseline covariates to improve experimental precision.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-03 Charlotte Z. Mann , Adam C. Sales , Johann A. Gagnon-Bartsch

Cluster-level dynamic treatment regimens can be used to guide sequential, intervention or treatment decision-making at the cluster level in order to improve outcomes at the individual or patient-level. In a cluster-level DTR, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-07-15 Timothy NeCamp , Amy Kilbourne , Daniel Almirall

Attrition is a common occurrence in cluster randomised trials (CRTs) which leads to missing outcome data. Two approaches for analysing such trials are cluster-level analysis and individual-level analysis. This paper compares the performance…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-03-15 Anower Hossain , Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Jonathan W. Bartlett

Hybrid studies allow investigators to simultaneously study an intervention effectiveness outcome and an implementation research outcome. In particular, type 2 hybrid studies support research that places equal importance on both outcomes…

Preferably in two- or three-arm randomized clinical trials, a few (2,3) correlated multiple primary endpoints are considered. In addition to the closed testing principle based on different global tests, two max(maxT) tests are compared with…

Applications · Statistics 2021-03-16 Ludwig A. Hothorn , Siegfried Kropf

Multi-period cluster randomized trials (CRTs) are increasingly used for the evaluation of interventions delivered at the group level. While generalized estimating equations (GEE) are commonly used to provide population-averaged inference in…

Computation · Statistics 2022-05-31 Ying Zhang , John S. Preisser , Fan Li , Elizabeth L. Turner , Paul J. Rathouz

A practical limitation of cluster randomized controlled trials (cRCTs) is that the number of available clusters may be small, resulting in an increased risk of baseline imbalance under simple randomization. Constrained randomization…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-19 Yunji Zhou , Elizabeth L. Turner , Ryan A. Simmons , Fan Li

For randomized clinical trials where a single, primary, binary endpoint would require unfeasibly large sample sizes, composite endpoints are widely chosen as the primary endpoint. Despite being commonly used, composite endpoints entail…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-27 Marta Bofill Roig , Guadalupe Gómez Melis , Martin Posch , Franz Koenig

Causal mediation analysis in cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) is complicated by the presence of multiple mediators, intracluster correlation, and within-cluster interference. Existing mediation methods often fall short in accommodating…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Jiaqi Tong , Chao Cheng , Fan Li

Cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) involve randomizing entire groups of participants -- called clusters -- to treatment arms but are often comprised of a limited or fixed number of available clusters. While covariate adjustment can account…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-29 Angela Y. Zhu , Nandita Mitra , Karla Hemming , Michael O. Harhay , Fan Li

In cluster-randomized trials (CRTs), missing data can occur in various ways, including missing values in outcomes and baseline covariates at the individual or cluster level, or completely missing information for non-participants. Among the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-06 Bingkai Wang , Fan Li , Rui Wang

Mixed outcome endpoints that combine multiple continuous and discrete components to form co-primary, multiple primary or composite endpoints are often employed as primary outcome measures in clinical trials. There are many advantages to…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-12-12 Martina McMenamin , Jessica K. Barrett , Anna Berglind , James M. S. Wason

When designing experimental studies with human participants, experimenters must decide how many trials each participant will complete, as well as how many participants to test. Most discussion of statistical power (the ability of a study…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-08-30 Daniel H. Baker , Greta Vilidaite , Freya A. Lygo , Anika K. Smith , Tessa R. Flack , Andre D. Gouws , Timothy J. Andrews

Longitudinal cluster randomized trials (L-CRTs) are increasingly used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions across multiple assessment periods, yet design methods for powering these trials remain underdeveloped.…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-20 Hao Wang , Jingxia Liu , Drew B. Cameron , Jiaqi Tong , Donna Spiegelman , Daniella Meeker , Fan Li

For randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a single intervention being measured on multiple outcomes, researchers often apply a multiple testing procedure (such as Bonferroni or Benjamini-Hochberg) to adjust $p$-values. Such an adjustment…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-17 Kristen Hunter , Luke Miratrix , Kristin Porter

Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy of an intervention. However, there is often a trade-off between selecting the most scientifically relevant primary endpoint versus a less relevant, but more…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-12 Jack M. Wolf , Joseph S. Koopmeiners , David M. Vock

Summary points: - This article considers the combination of two binary or two time-to-event endpoints to form the primary composite endpoint for leading a trial. - It discusses the relative efficiency of choosing a composite endpoint over…

Applications · Statistics 2020-01-13 Marta Bofill Roig , Jordi Cortés Martínez , Guadalupe Gómez Melis

Cluster randomization trials commonly employ multiple endpoints. When a single summary of treatment effects across endpoints is of primary interest, global hypothesis testing/effect estimation methods represent a common analysis strategy.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-19 E. Davies Smith , V. Jairath , G. Zou

Clinical trials often involve the assessment of multiple endpoints to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and safety of interventions. In the work, we consider a global nonparametric testing procedure based on multivariate rank for the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-29 Kexuan Li , Lingli Yang , Shaofei Zhao , Susie Sinks , Luan Lin , Peng Sun

We propose a dynamic allocation procedure that increases power and efficiency when measuring an average treatment effect in sequential randomized trials exploiting some subjects' previous assessed responses. Subjects arrive sequentially and…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-03 Adam Kapelner , Abba Krieger