Related papers: Patient-Centered Appraisal of Race-Free Clinical R…

A benefit of randomized experiments is that covariate distributions of treatment and control groups are balanced on average, resulting in simple unbiased estimators for treatment effects. However, it is possible that a particular…

Over the years, several studies have demonstrated that there exist significant disparities in health indicators in the United States population across various groups. Healthcare expense is used as a proxy for health in algorithms that drive…

In this work, we characterize the doctor-patient relationship using a machine learning-derived trust score. We show that this score has statistically significant racial associations, and that by modeling trust directly we find stronger…

Actuarial risk assessments might be unduly perceived as a neutral way to counteract implicit bias and increase the fairness of decisions made at almost every juncture of the criminal justice system, from pretrial release to sentencing,…

Governments are increasingly turning to algorithmic risk assessments when making important decisions, such as whether to release criminal defendants before trial. Policymakers assert that providing public servants with algorithmic advice…

Prior to clinical applications, it is critical that risk prediction models are evaluated in independent studies that did not contribute to model development. While prospective cohort studies provide a natural setting for model validation,…

There are concerns about the fairness of clinical prediction models. 'Fair' models are defined as those for which their performance or predictions are not inappropriately influenced by protected attributes such as ethnicity, gender, or…

The focus of this paper is on quantifying the capacity of covariates in devising efficient treatment rules when data from a randomized trial are available. Conventional one-variable-at-a-time subgroup analysis based on statistical…

Statistics is sometimes described as the science of reasoning under uncertainty. Statistical models provide one view of this uncertainty, but what is frequently neglected is the 'invisible' portion of uncertainty: that assumed not to exist…

While the gold standard for clinical trials is to blind all parties -- participants, researchers, and evaluators -- to treatment assignment, this is not always a possibility. When some or all of the above individuals know the treatment…

There has been a growing interest in covariate adjustment in the analysis of randomized controlled trials in past years. For instance, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently issued guidance that emphasizes the importance of…

The amount of data collected from patients involved in clinical trials is continuously growing. All patient characteristics are potential covariates that could be used to improve clinical trial analysis and power. However, the restricted…

A key aspect of patient-focused drug development is identifying and measuring outcomes that are important to patients in clinical trials. Many medical conditions affect multiple symptom domains, and a consensus approach to determine the…

Machine learning models are often trained to predict the outcome resulting from a human decision. For example, if a doctor decides to test a patient for disease, will the patient test positive? A challenge is that historical decision-making…

Multivariate methods that relate outcomes to risk factors have been adopted clinically to individualize treatment. This has promoted the belief that individuals have a true or unique risk. The logic of assigning an individual a single risk…

In studies of discrimination, researchers often seek to estimate a causal effect of race or gender on outcomes. For example, in the criminal justice context, one might ask whether arrested individuals would have been subsequently charged or…

Randomized trials balance all covariates on average and provide the gold standard for estimating treatment effects. Chance imbalances nevertheless exist more or less in realized treatment allocations and intrigue an important question: what…

Recent work on algorithmic fairness has largely focused on the fairness of discrete decisions, or classifications. While such decisions are often based on risk score models, the fairness of the risk models themselves has received…

Rationing of healthcare resources has emerged as an important issue, which has been discussed by medical experts, policy-makers, and the general public. We consider a rationing problem where medical units are to be allocated to patients.…

A data science task can be deemed as making sense of the data or testing a hypothesis about it. The conclusions inferred from data can greatly guide us to make informative decisions. Big data has enabled us to carry out countless prediction…