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This paper addresses the critical challenge of unlearning in Vertical Federated Learning (VFL), a setting that has received far less attention than its horizontal counterpart. Specifically, we propose the first method tailored to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Hanlin Gu , Hong Xi Tae , Lixin Fan , Chee Seng Chan

Fine-tuning unlocks large language models (LLMs) for specialized applications, but its high computational cost often puts it out of reach for resource-constrained organizations. While cloud platforms could provide the needed resources, data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zihan Liu , Yizhen Wang , Rui Wang , Xiu Tang , Sai Wu

Privacy-preserving machine learning has become a key conundrum for multi-party artificial intelligence. Federated learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL) are two frameworks that enable collaborative learning while keeping the data private (on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Frédéric Berdoz , Abhishek Singh , Martin Jaggi , Ramesh Raskar

Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two popular distributed machine learning approaches. Both follow a model-to-data scenario; clients train and test machine learning models without sharing raw data. SL provides better model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Chandra Thapa , M. A. P. Chamikara , Seyit Camtepe , Lichao Sun

It is widely believed that sharing gradients will not leak private training data in distributed learning systems such as Collaborative Learning and Federated Learning, etc. Recently, Zhu et al. presented an approach which shows the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-09 Bo Zhao , Konda Reddy Mopuri , Hakan Bilen

Split learning (SL) aims to protect user data privacy by distributing deep models between client-server and keeping private data locally. In SL training with multiple clients, the local model weights are shared among the clients for local…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Ngoc Duy Pham , Tran Khoa Phan , Alsharif Abuadbba , Yansong Gao , Doan Nguyen , Naveen Chilamkurti

Split Federated Learning (SFL) enables privacy-preserving collaborative training by partitioning models between clients and a server. However, under non-IID data distributions, SFL often suffers from biased optimization and unstable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuhan Xie , Chen Lyu , Jingrong Huang

Vertical Federated Learning (VFL) refers to the collaborative training of a model on a dataset where the features of the dataset are split among multiple data owners, while label information is owned by a single data owner. In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Vaikkunth Mugunthan , Pawan Goyal , Lalana Kagal

Deep learning continues to rapidly evolve and is now demonstrating remarkable potential for numerous medical prediction tasks. However, realizing deep learning models that generalize across healthcare organizations is challenging. This is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Zhuohang Li , Chao Yan , Xinmeng Zhang , Gharib Gharibi , Zhijun Yin , Xiaoqian Jiang , Bradley A. Malin

Annotating the dataset with high-quality labels is crucial for performance of deep network, but in real world scenarios, the labels are often contaminated by noise. To address this, some methods were proposed to automatically split clean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Daehwan Kim , Kwangrok Ryoo , Hansang Cho , Seungryong Kim

Split learning (SL) is a privacy-preserving distributed deep learning method used to train a collaborative model without the need for sharing of patient's raw data between clients. In split learning, an additional privacy-preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Harshit Madaan , Manish Gawali , Viraj Kulkarni , Aniruddha Pant

Vertical federated learning (VFL) allows an active party with a top model, and multiple passive parties with bottom models to collaborate. In this scenario, passive parties possessing only features may attempt to infer active party's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yige Liu , Dexuan Xu , Zimai Guo , Yongzhi Cao , Hanpin Wang

Split learning (splitNN) has emerged as a popular strategy for addressing the high computational costs and low modeling efficiency in Vertical Federated Learning (VFL). However, despite its popularity, vanilla splitNN lacks encryption…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Yujin Han , Leying Guan

Federated Learning (FL) is a widely adopted privacy-preserving machine learning approach where private data remains local, enabling secure computations and the exchange of local model gradients between local clients and third-party…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Hanchi Ren , Jingjing Deng , Xianghua Xie

Vertical Federated Learning (VFL) is an emergent distributed machine learning paradigm for collaborative learning between clients who have disjoint features of common entities. However, standard VFL lacks fault tolerance, with each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Avi Amalanshu , Yash Sirvi , David I. Inouye

Currently, deep learning models are easily exposed to data leakage risks. As a distributed model, Split Learning thus emerged as a solution to address this issue. The model is splitted to avoid data uploading to the server and reduce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Zhangting Lin , Mingfu Xue , Kewei Chen , Wenmao Liu , Xiang Gao , Leo Yu Zhang , Jian Wang , Yushu Zhang

The growing concern over data privacy, the benefits of utilizing data from diverse sources for model training, and the proliferation of networked devices with enhanced computational capabilities have all contributed to the rise of federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Rui Zhang , Ka-Ho Chow , Ping Li

Split Federated Learning (SFL) has recently emerged as a promising distributed learning technology, leveraging the strengths of both federated and split learning. It emphasizes the advantages of rapid convergence while addressing privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Joohyung Lee , Mohamed Seif , Jungchan Cho , H. Vincent Poor

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging paradigm that enables multiple organizations to jointly train a model without revealing their private data to each other. This paper studies {\it vertical} federated learning, which tackles the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Yuncheng Wu , Shaofeng Cai , Xiaokui Xiao , Gang Chen , Beng Chin Ooi

Vertical Federated Learning (VFL) is a category of Federated Learning in which models are trained collaboratively among parties with vertically partitioned data. Typically, in a VFL scenario, the labels of the samples are kept private from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Marco Arazzi , Serena Nicolazzo , Antonino Nocera