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Distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution networks can be aggregated as a virtual power plant (VPP) for transmission-level operations. A critical challenge for such coordination is the complexity of the AC-feasible power transfer…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-29 Wei Lin , Changhong Zhao

Virtual power plants (VPPs) are an emerging paradigm that aggregates distributed energy resources (DERs) for coordinated participation in power systems, including bidding as a single dispatchable entity in the wholesale market. In this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-03 Weiqi Meng , Hongyi Li , Bai Cui

The growing penetration of renewable energy sources is expected to drive higher demand for power reserve ancillary services (AS). One solution is to increase the supply by integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) into the AS market…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Lorenzo Zapparoli , Blazhe Gjorgiev , Giovanni Sansavini

To manage huge amount of flexible distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution networks, the virtual power plant (VPP) is introduced in industry. The VPP can optimally dispatch these resources in a cluster way and provide…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-03 Siyuan Wang , Wenchuan Wu

Distributed energy resources are an ideal candidate for the provision of additional flexibility required by power system to support the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources. The integrating large number of resources in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-06-14 Shariq Riaz , Pierluigi Mancarella

The rapid deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) is one of the essential efforts to mitigate global climate change. However, a vast number of small-scale DERs are difficult to manage individually, motivating the introduction of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-26 Tao Tan , Rui Xie , Meng Yang , Yue Chen

The growing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the power grid necessitates an effective coordination strategy to maximize their benefits. Acting as an aggregator of DERs, a virtual power plant (VPP) facilitates this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Pratik Harsh , Hongjian Sun , Debapriya Das , Goyal Awagan , Jing Jiang

The rapid development of distributed energy resources (DERs) has brought many challenges to the operation of distribution networks in recent years, where operating envelopes (OEs), as a key enabler to facilitate DER integration via virtual…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-17 Bin Liu , Jin Ma

Virtual power plant (VPP) provides a flexible solution to distributed energy resources integration by aggregating renewable generation units, conventional power plants, energy storages, and flexible demands. This paper proposes a novel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-04 Yunfan Zhang , Feng Liu , Zhaojian Wang , Yifan Su , Weisheng Wang , Shuanglei Feng

As the penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases, harnessing their flexibility becomes critical for power system operations. Virtual power plants (VPPs) offer a promising solution. However, most existing scheduling tools…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Lorenzo Zapparoli , Paul Fäth , Blazhe Gjorgiev , Giovanni Sansavini

With a broad market of Distributed Energy Resource (DER) aggregated control solutions, technology investment and implementation decisions for electric utilities and grid operators need to consider complexity, cost, and performance. This…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-31 Deepak Aswani

This paper proposes an energy-workload coupled migration optimization strategy for virtual power plants (VPPs) with data centers (DCs) to enhance resource scheduling flexibility and achieve precise demand response (DR) curve tracking. A…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-13 Jia-Kai Wu , Zhi-Wei Liu , Yong Zhao , Yan-Wu Wang , Fan-Rong Qu , Chaojie Li

As the penetration of distributed energy resources increases, harnessing their flexibility becomes critical for power system operations. Virtual power plants (VPPs) offer a promising solution. However, existing VPP market scheduling tools…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Lorenzo Zapparoli , Blazhe Gjorgiev , Giovanni Sansavini

We present a novel grid-forming control design approach for dynamic virtual power plants (DVPP). We consider a group of heterogeneous grid-forming distributed energy resources (DER) which collectively provide desired dynamic ancillary…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-01 Verena Häberle , Ali Tayyebi , Xiuqiang He , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler

The dispatchable region of volatile renewable power generation (RPG) quantifies how much uncertainty the power system can handle at a given operating point. State-of-the-art dispatchable region (DR) research has studied how system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-26 Yanqi Liu , Zhigang Li , Wei Wei , Jiehui Zheng , Hongcai Zhang

In this paper, we present a novel control approach for dynamic virtual power plants (DVPPs). In particular, we consider a group of heterogeneous distributed energy resources (DERs) which collectively provide desired dynamic ancillary…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-12 Verena Häberle , Michael W. Fisher , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler

The advent of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as distributed renewables, energy storage, electric vehicles, and controllable loads, \rv{brings} a significantly disruptive and transformational impact on the centralized power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-01 Qing Yang , Hao Wang , Taotao Wang , Shengli Zhang , Xiaoxiao Wu , Hui Wang

Nonconvexity induced by the nonlinear AC power flow equations challenges solution algorithms for AC optimal power flow (OPF) problems. While significant research efforts have focused on reliably computing high-quality OPF solutions, it is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-18 Dongchan Lee , Konstantin Turitsyn , Daniel K. Molzahn , Line A. Roald

The feasible region assessment (FRA) in industrial virtual power plants (VPPs) is driven by the need to activate large-scale latent industrial loads for demand response, making it essential to aggregate these flexible resources for peak…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-04 Hongxu Huang , Ruike Lyu , Cheng Feng , Haiwang Zhong , H. B. Gooi , Bo Li , Rui Liang

To ensure frequency stability in future low-inertia power grids, fast ancillary services such as fast frequency reserves (FFR) have been proposed. In this work, the coordination of conventional (slow) frequency containment reserves (FCR)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-08 Joakim Björk , Karl Henrik Johansson , Florian Dörfler
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