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Satisfaction of the strict saddle property has become a standard assumption in non-convex optimization, and it ensures that many first-order optimization algorithms will almost always escape saddle points. However, functions exist in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-23 Matthew Ubl , Kasra Yazdani , Matthew T. Hale

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is the workhorse of large-scale learning, yet classical analyses rely on assumptions that can be either too strong (bounded variance) or too coarse (uniform noise). The expected smoothness (ES) condition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yuta Kawamoto , Hideaki Iiduka

A saddlepoint approximation of the Student's t-statistic was derived by Daniels and Young [Biometrika 78 (1991) 169-179] under the very stringent exponential moment condition that requires that the underlying density function go down at…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Bing-Yi Jing , Qi-Man Shao , Wang Zhou

The paper studies a distributed gradient descent (DGD) process and considers the problem of showing that in nonconvex optimization problems, DGD typically converges to local minima rather than saddle points. The paper considers…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-24 Brian Swenson , Ryan Murray , H. Vincent Poor , Soummya Kar

The one-fifth rule and its generalizations are a classical parameter control mechanism in discrete domains. They have also been transferred to control the offspring population size of the $(1, \lambda)$-EA. This has been shown to work very…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Johannes Lengler , Konstantin Sturm

Gradient descent (GD) and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) are the workhorses of large-scale machine learning. While classical theory focused on analyzing the performance of these methods in convex optimization problems, the most notable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Chi Jin , Praneeth Netrapalli , Rong Ge , Sham M. Kakade , Michael I. Jordan

Punctuated equilibrium is a mode of evolution in which phenetic change occurs in rapid bursts that are separated by much longer intervals of stasis during which mutations accumulate but no major phenotypic change occurs. Punctuated…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-07-21 Yuri Bakhtin , Mikhail I. Katsnelson , Yuri I. Wolf , Eugene V. Koonin

For a real valued function, a point is critical if its derivatives are zero, and a critical point is a saddle point if it is not a local extrema. In this paper, we study algorithms to find saddle points of general Morse index. Our approach…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2010-06-22 C. H. Jeffrey Pang

Evolution Strategies (ES) has recently emerged as a competitive alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) fine-tuning, offering advantages through simplicity, scalability, and inference-only training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kajetan Schweighofer , Conor F. Hayes , Roberto Dailey , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

Adaptive gradient methods have attracted much attention of machine learning communities due to the high efficiency. However their acceleration effect in practice, especially in neural network training, is hard to analyze, theoretically. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-15 Xunpeng Huang , Hao Zhou , Runxin Xu , Zhe Wang , Lei Li

In the context of unconstraint numerical optimization, this paper investigates the global linear convergence of a simple probabilistic derivative-free optimization algorithm (DFO). The algorithm samples a candidate solution from a standard…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2013-11-01 Anne Auger , Nikolaus Hansen

This work establishes a rigorous connection between stability properties of discrete-time algorithms (DTAs) and corresponding continuous-time dynamical systems derived through $ O(s^r) $-resolution ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Amir Ali Farzin , Yuen-Man Pun , Philipp Braun , Iman Shames

Stochastic saddle point (SSP) problems are, in general, less studied compared to stochastic minimization problems. However, SSP problems emerge from machine learning (adversarial training, e.g., GAN, AUC maximization), statistics (robust…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-14 Vitali Pirau

Owing to their stability and convergence speed, extragradient methods have become a staple for solving large-scale saddle-point problems in machine learning. The basic premise of these algorithms is the use of an extrapolation step before…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-11-06 Yu-Guan Hsieh , Franck Iutzeler , Jérôme Malick , Panayotis Mertikopoulos

We provide larger step-size restrictions for which gradient descent based algorithms (almost surely) avoid strict saddle points. In particular, consider a twice differentiable (non-convex) objective function whose gradient has Lipschitz…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-06 Hayden Schaeffer , Scott G. McCalla

We consider convex-concave saddle-point problems where the objective functions may be split in many components, and extend recent stochastic variance reduction methods (such as SVRG or SAGA) to provide the first large-scale linearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-04 P Balamurugan , Francis Bach

We consider the question of the stability of evolutionary algorithms to gradual changes, or drift, in the target concept. We define an algorithm to be resistant to drift if, for some inverse polynomial drift rate in the target function, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Varun Kanade , Leslie G. Valiant , Jennifer Wortman Vaughan

We give the first polynomial time algorithms for escaping from high-dimensional saddle points under a moderate number of constraints. Given gradient access to a smooth function $f \colon \mathbb R^d \to \mathbb R$ we show that (noisy)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Dmitrii Avdiukhin , Grigory Yaroslavtsev

We give a characterization of completely regular topological spaces. Applying some recent results for supinf problems in completely regular topological spaces we establish a variational principle for saddle points. Well-posedness of saddle…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-05 D. Kamburova , R. Marinov , N. Zlateva

Saddle points provide a hierarchical view of the energy landscape, revealing transition pathways and interconnected basins of attraction, and offering insight into the global structure, metastability, and possible collective mechanisms of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-17 Baoming Shi , Lei Zhang , Qiang Du