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To ensure high availability in large scale distributed systems, Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) relax consistency by allowing immediate query and update operations at the local replica, with no need for remote synchronization.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Vitor Enes , Paulo Sérgio Almeida , Carlos Baquero , João Leitão

Distributed systems designed to serve clients across the world often make use of geo-replication to attain low latency and high availability. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) allow the design of predictable multi-master…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-13 Carlos Baquero , Paulo Sergio Almeida , Ali Shoker

Virtual presence demands ultra-low latency, a factor that centralized architectures, by their nature, cannot minimize. Local peer-to-peer architectures offer a compelling alternative, but also pose unique challenges in terms of network…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Abel Dantas , Carlos Baquero

Replication ensures data availability in fault-prone distributed systems. The celebrated CAP theorem stipulates that replicas cannot guarantee both strong consistency and availability under network partitions. A popular alternative, adopted…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Petr Kuznetsov , Maxence Perion , Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni

A CRDT is a data type whose operations commute when they are concurrent. Replicas of a CRDT eventually converge without any complex concurrency control. As an existence proof, we exhibit a non-trivial CRDT: a shared edit buffer called…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2009-07-07 Mihai Letia , Nuno Preguiça , Marc Shapiro

In this report we show how to manage a distributed hierarchical structure representing a file system. This structure is optimistically replicated, each user work on his local replica, and updates are sent to other replica. The different…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2012-07-26 Mehdi Ahmed-Nacer , Stéphane Martin , Pascal Urso

In Opportunistic Networks (OppNets), the dissemination of information can only rely on transient pairwise radio contacts between mobile devices (peers). Designing distributed applications that can run in such conditions is a challenge, but…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Frédéric Guidec , Yves Mahéo

Collaborative working is increasingly popular, but it presents challenges due to the need for high responsiveness and disconnected work support. To address these challenges the data is optimistically replicated at the edges of the network,…

Databases · Computer Science 2012-12-12 Stéphane Martin , Mehdi Ahmed-Nacer , Pascal Urso

CRDTs are distributed data types that make eventual consistency of a distributed object possible and non ad-hoc. Specifically, state-based CRDTs ensure convergence through disseminating the en- tire state, that may be large, and merging it…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-03-04 Paulo Sérgio Almeida , Ali Shoker , Carlos Baquero

Conventional blockchains use consensus algorithms that totally order updates across all accounts, which is stronger than necessary to implement a replicated ledger. This makes updates slower and more expensive than necessary. More recent…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Erick Lavoie

Eventual consistency of replicated data supports concurrent updates, reduces latency and improves fault tolerance, but forgoes strong consistency. Accordingly, several cloud computing platforms implement eventually-consistent data types.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2012-10-15 Annette Bieniusa , Marek Zawirski , Nuno Preguiça , Marc Shapiro , Carlos Baquero , Valter Balegas , Sérgio Duarte

Internet-scale distributed systems often replicate data at multiple geographic locations to provide low latency and high availability. The Conflict-free Replicated Data Type (CRDT) is a framework that provides a principled approach to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Yuqi Zhang , Yu Huang , Hengfeng Wei , Xiaoxing Ma

Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) are a natural structure with which to communicate information about a shared computation in a distributed setting where coordination overhead may not be tolerated, and individual participants are…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Taylor Blau

Commutative Replicated Data-Type (CRDT) is a new class of algorithms that ensures scalable consistency of replicated data. It has been successfully applied to collaborative editing of texts without complex concurrency control. In this…

Databases · Computer Science 2010-10-19 Stéphane Martin , Pascal Urso , Stéphane Weiss

Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) are distributed data structures designed for fault tolerance and high availability. CRDTs have historically been taxonomized into state-based CRDTs, in which replicas apply updates locally and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Nathan Liittschwager , Jonathan Castello , Stelios Tsampas , Lindsey Kuper

Consensus protocols are fundamental in distributed systems as they enable software with strong consistency properties. However, designing optimized protocols for specific use-cases under certain system assumptions is typically a laborious…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Julian Haas , Ragnar Mogk , Annette Bieniusa , Mira Mezini

Maintaining multiple replicas of data is crucial to achieving scalability, availability and low latency in distributed applications. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are important building blocks in this domain because they are…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Kartik Nagar , Suresh Jagannathan

All 26 neural network merge strategies we tested including weight averaging, SLERP, TIES, DARE, Fisher merging, and evolutionary approaches -- fail the algebraic properties (commutativity, associativity, idempotency) required for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ryan Gillespie

We introduce Conflict-Aware Replicated Data Types (CARDs). CARDs are significantly more expressive than Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) as they support operations that can conflict with each other. Introducing conflicting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Nicholas V. Lewchenko , Arjun Radhakrishna , Akash Gaonkar , Pavol Černý

***** This design is a duplicate of a Causal Length Set (see notes in the comments). We leave nonetheless the original paper here because the proofs are referred to in another submission.***** The 2P-Set Conflict-Free Replicated Data Type…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Erick Lavoie