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This study introduces a new normalization layer termed Batch Layer Normalization (BLN) to reduce the problem of internal covariate shift in deep neural network layers. As a combined version of batch and layer normalization, BLN adaptively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Amir Ziaee , Erion Çano

The Bitcoin digital currency appeared in 2009. Since this time, researchers and practitioners have looked under the hood of the open source Bitcoin currency, and discovered that Bitcoins Blockchain software architecture is useful for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-03-20 J. Prpić

As an append-only distributed database, blockchain is utilized in a vast variety of applications including the cryptocurrency and Internet-of-Things (IoT). The existing blockchain solutions show downsides in communication and storage…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Yahya Hassanzadeh-Nazarabadi , Alptekin Küpçü , Öznur Özkasap

We analyze how secure a block is after the block becomes $k$-deep, i.e., security-latency, for Nakamoto consensus under an exponential network delay model. We provide the fault tolerance and extensive bounds on safety violation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Mustafa Doger , Sennur Ulukus

For a long time predicting, studying and analyzing financial indices has been of major interest for the financial community. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the Deep-Learning community to make use of reinforcement learning…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-09-27 Jatin Nainani , Nirman Taterh , Md Ausaf Rashid , Ankit Khivasara

Blockchain technology, which has been known by mostly small technological circles up until recently, is bursting throughout the globe, with a potential economic and social impact that could fundamentally alter traditional financial and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Shahar Somin , Goren Gordon , Yaniv Altshuler

Low bit-width weights and activations are an effective way of combating the increasing need for both memory and compute power of Deep Neural Networks. In this work, we present a probabilistic training method for Neural Network with both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Jorn W. T. Peters , Max Welling

Since the inception of Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies and the underlying blockchain technology have attracted an increasing interest from both academia and industry. Among various core components, consensus protocol is the defining technology…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Yang Xiao , Ning Zhang , Wenjing Lou , Y. Thomas Hou

The possibility to analyze everyday monetary transactions is limited by the scarcity of available data, as this kind of information is usually considered highly sensitive. Present econophysics models are usually employed on presumed random…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-04-01 Dániel Kondor , Márton Pósfai , István Csabai , Gábor Vattay

Bitcoin's global success has led to the rise of blockchain, but many systems labeled as "blockchain" deviate from its core principles, adding complexity to the ecosystem. This survey addresses the need for a comprehensive review and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Badr Bellaj , Aafaf Ouaddah , Noel Crespi , Abdelatif Mezrioui , Emmanuel Bertin

The idea of security sharing goes back to Nakamoto's introduction of merge mining, a technique that enables Bitcoin miners to reuse their hash power to bootstrap and secure other Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchains. However, with the rise of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Xinshu Dong , Orfeas Stefanos Thyfronitis Litos , Ertem Nusret Tas , David Tse , Robin Linus Woll , Lei Yang , Mingchao Yu

Privacy protection mechanisms are a fundamental aspect of security in cryptocurrency systems, particularly in decentralized networks such as Bitcoin. Although Bitcoin addresses are not directly associated with real-world identities, this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Shihan Zhang , Bing Han , Chuanyong Tian , Ruisheng Shi , Lina Lan , Qin Wang

We study a random process over graphs inspired by the way payments are executed in the Lightning Network, the main layer-two solution on top of Bitcoin. We first prove almost tight upper and lower bounds on the time it takes for a payment…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Taki E. M. Abedesselam , Fabio Giacomelli , Francesco Pasquale , Michele Salvi

Payment Channel Networks (PCNs) are a method for improving the scaling and latency of cryptocurrency transactions. For a payment to be made between two peers in a PCN, a feasible low-fee path in the network must be planned. Many PCN path…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Padraig Corcoran , Rhyd Lewis

Bitcoin is a popular cryptocurrency that records alltransactions in a distributed append-only public ledger calledblockchain. The security of Bitcoin heavily relies on the incentive-compatible proof-of-work (PoW) based distributed consensus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Mauro Conti , Sandeep Kumar E , Chhagan Lal , Sushmita Ruj

The aim of this paper is to analyse the Bitcoin in order to shed some light on its nature and behaviour. We select 9 cryptocurrencies that account for almost 75\% of total market capitalisation and compare their evolution with that of a…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-09-08 Esther Cabezas-Rivas , Felipe Sánchez-Coll , Isaac Tormo-Xaixo

The Bitcoin P2P network is at the core of all communications between clients. The reachable part of this network has been explored and analyzed by numerous studies. Unreachable nodes, however, are, in most part, overlooked. Nonetheless,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Federico Franzoni , Vanesa Daza

Stubborn mining attack greatly downgrades Bitcoin throughput and also benefits malicious miners (attackers). This paper aims to quantify the impact of block receiving delay on stubborn mining attack severity in imperfect Bitcoin networks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Haoran Zhu , Xiaolin Chang , Jelena Mišić , Vojislav B. Mišić

Lightning plays a crucial role in the Earth's climate system, yet existing parameterizations for use in forecasting and earth system models show room for improvement in capturing spatial and temporal variations in its frequency. This study…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-09-15 Randall Jones , Joel A. Thornton , Chris J. Wright , Robert Holzworth

Over the past decade, the Bitcoin P2P network protocol has become a reference model for all modern cryptocurrencies. While nodes in this network are known, the connections among them are kept hidden, as it is commonly believed that this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Federico Franzoni , Xavier Salleras , Vanesa Daza