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Neural networks with deep architectures have demonstrated significant performance improvements in computer vision, speech recognition, and natural language processing. The challenges in information retrieval (IR), however, are different…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Bhaskar Mitra

While dense retrieval models, which embed queries and documents into a shared low-dimensional space, have gained widespread popularity, they were shown to exhibit important theoretical limitations and considerably lag behind traditional…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Adrian Bracher , Svitlana Vakulenko

Retrieval models are key components of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, which generate search queries, process the documents returned, and generate a response. RAG systems are often dynamic and may involve multiple rounds of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Eugene Yang , Andrew Yates , Dawn Lawrie , James Mayfield , Trevor Adriaanse

Generative retrieval (GR) differs from the traditional index-then-retrieve pipeline by storing relevance in model parameters and generating retrieval cues directly from the query, but it can be brittle out of domain and expensive to scale.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Arthur Satouf , Yuxuan Zong , Habiboulaye Amadou-Boubacar , Pablo Piantanida , Benjamin Piwowarski

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has recently emerged as a promising solution for incorporating up-to-date or domain-specific knowledge into large language models (LLMs) and improving LLM factuality, but is predominantly studied in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Nadezhda Chirkova , David Rau , Hervé Déjean , Thibault Formal , Stéphane Clinchant , Vassilina Nikoulina

Recently the retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been successfully applied in code generation. However, existing pipelines for retrieval-augmented code generation (RACG) employ static knowledge bases with a single source, limiting the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Hongjin Su , Shuyang Jiang , Yuhang Lai , Haoyuan Wu , Boao Shi , Che Liu , Qian Liu , Tao Yu

Recent research has shown that mixed-initiative conversational search, based on the interaction between users and computers to clarify and improve a query, provides enormous advantages. Nonetheless, incorporating additional information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Oleg Borisov , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fabio Crestani

Reranking is a critical stage in contemporary information retrieval (IR) systems, improving the relevance of the user-presented final results by honing initial candidate sets. This paper is a thorough guide to examine the changing reranker…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Tejul Pandit , Sakshi Mahendru , Meet Raval , Dhvani Upadhyay

A wide range of transformer-based language models have been proposed for information retrieval tasks. However, including transformer-based models in retrieval pipelines is often complex and requires substantial engineering effort. In this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Ferdinand Schlatt , Maik Fröbe , Matthias Hagen

The advent of deep machine learning platforms such as Tensorflow and Pytorch, developed in expressive high-level languages such as Python, have allowed more expressive representations of deep neural network architectures. We argue that such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-29 Craig Macdonald , Nicola Tonellotto

Retrieving keywords (bidwords) with the same intent as query, referred to as close variant keywords, is of prime importance for effective targeted search advertising. For head and torso search queries, sponsored search engines use a huge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Akash Kumar Mohankumar , Nikit Begwani , Amit Singh

State-of-the-art models for multi-hop question answering typically augment large-scale language models like BERT with additional, intuitively useful capabilities such as named entity recognition, graph-based reasoning, and question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Dirk Groeneveld , Tushar Khot , Mausam , Ashish Sabharwal

Beyond effectiveness, the robustness of an information retrieval (IR) system is increasingly attracting attention. When deployed, a critical technology such as IR should not only deliver strong performance on average but also have the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Yu-An Liu , Ruqing Zhang , Jiafeng Guo , Maarten de Rijke

We study question answering in the domain of radio regulations, a legally sensitive and high-stakes area. We propose a telecom-specific Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipeline and introduce, to our knowledge, the first multiple-choice…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Zakaria El Kassimi , Fares Fourati , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Large Language Models (LLMs) are now widely used for query reformulation and expansion in Information Retrieval, with many studies reporting substantial effectiveness gains. However, these results are typically obtained under heterogeneous…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Amin Bigdeli , Radin Hamidi Rad , Hai Son Le , Mert Incesu , Negar Arabzadeh , Charles L. A. Clarke , Ebrahim Bagheri

Despite the impressive performance of Retrieval-augmented Generation (RAG) systems across various NLP benchmarks, their robustness in handling real-world user-LLM interaction queries remains largely underexplored. This presents a critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Tianyu Cao , Neel Bhandari , Akhila Yerukola , Akari Asai , Maarten Sap

Considering query variance in information retrieval (IR) experiments is beneficial for retrieval effectiveness. Especially ranking ensembles based on different topically related queries retrieve better results than rankings based on a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Timo Breuer

Personalized Conversational Information Retrieval (CIR) has seen rapid progress in recent years, driven by the development of Large Language Models (LLMs). Personalized CIR aims to enhance document retrieval by leveraging user-specific…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Simon Lupart , Daniël van Dijk , Eric Langezaal , Ian van Dort , Mohammad Aliannejadi

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems traditionally employ sophisticated training strategies to enhance robustness against retrieval noise. In this work, we investigate a critical question: does the benefit of these complex robust…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Hanxing Ding , Shuchang Tao , Liang Pang , Zihao Wei , Liwei Chen , Kun Xu , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

As agents operate over long horizons, their memory stores grow continuously, making retrieval critical to accessing relevant information. Many agent queries require reasoning-intensive retrieval, where the connection between query and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Sreeja Apparaju , Nilesh Gupta