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Establishing secure data communication necessitates secure key exchange over a public channel. Quantum key distribution (QKD), which leverages the principles of quantum physics, can achieve this with information-theoretic security. The…

We address the multi-user quantum key distribution (QKD) problem under malicious quantum attacks, which is critical for realizing a large-scale quantum Internet. This paper maximizes the sum secret key rate (SKR) of a novel uplink…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Zhichao Dong , Xiaolin Zhou , Huang Peng , Wei Ni , Ekram Hossain , Xin Wang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a promising approach to secure communications, with continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD) offering compatibility with existing telecommunication infrastructure. Despite this advantage, CV-QKD is limited by…

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) has emerged as a promising approach for secure quantum communication, offering advantages such as high key generation rates, compatibility with standard telecommunication infrastructure,…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) allows unconditionally secure communication based on the laws of quantum mechanics rather then assumptions about computational hardness. Optimizing the operation parameters of a given QKD implementation is…

Quantum key distribution (QKD offers a long-term solution to establish information-theoretically secure keys between two distant users. In practice, with a careful characterization of quantum sources and the decoy-state method,…

Despite the robust security guarantees of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), its practical deployment is significantly challenged by the dynamic nature of quantum channels and the complexity of real-time parameter optimization. In this paper,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Noureldin Mohamed , Jawaher Kaldari , Saif Al-Kuwari

Most quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols can be classified as either a discrete-variable (DV) protocol or continuous-variable (CV) protocol, based on how classical information is being encoded. We propose a protocol that combines the…

Continuous variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a powerful setting for secure quantum communications, thanks to the use of room-temperature off-the-shelf optical devices and the potential to reach much higher rates than the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-03 Stefano Pirandola

Modern security proofs of quantum key distribution (QKD) must take finite-size effects and composable aspects into consideration. This is also the case for continuous-variable (CV) protocols which are based on the transmission and detection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-27 Stefano Pirandola , Panagiotis Papanastasiou

In practical implementation of quantum key distributions (QKD), it requires efficient, real-time feedback control to maintain system stability when facing disturbance from either external environment or imperfect internal components.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-07 Jing-Yang Liu , Hua-Jian Ding , Chun-Mei Zhang , Shi-Peng Xie , Qin Wang

Rigorous mathematical proofs of the security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV QKD) have been obtained recently. Unfortunately, these security proofs rely on assumptions that are hardly met in experimental practice. Here I…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-01 Cosmo Lupo

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables unconditionally secure communication ensured by the laws of physics, opening a promising route to security infrastructure for the coming age of quantum computers. QKD's demonstrated secret-key rates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-15 Zheshen Zhang , Changchen Chen , Quntao Zhuang , Franco N. C. Wong , Jeffrey H. Shapiro

We propose a frequency-division multiplexed (FDM) continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system with enhanced spectral efficiency through dense multiplexing of low-symbol-rate signals. A four-channel 10-Mbaud FDM-CV-QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Jahyeok Han , Donghyeok Le , Minseok Ryu , Syed Assad , Yong-Su Kim , Sunghyun Bae

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic technique that uses quantum mechanical principles to enable secure key exchange. Practical deployment of QKD requires robust, cost-effective systems that can operate in challenging field…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Rui Guan , Jingchun Yu , Zhaoyun Li , Hongbo Xie , Yuxing Wei , Sen Li , Jing Wen , Xiaodong Liang , Yanwei Li , Kejin Wei

In a practical continuous-variable quantum-key distribution (CVQKD), the fluctuations of the local oscillator (LO) not only make the normalization of Bob's measurement outcomes difficult, but also can change the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-12 Xiang-Chun Ma , Shi-Hai Sun , Mu-Sheng Jiang , Ming Gui , Yan-Li Zhou , Lin-Mei Liang

Error correction plays a major role in the reconciliation of continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) and greatly affects the performance of the system. CV-QKD requires error correction codes of extremely low rates and high…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Kadir Gümüs , Laurent Schmalen

In a practical CVQKD system, the optical attenuator can adjust the Gaussian-modulated coherent states and the local oscillator signal to an optimal value for guaranteeing the security of the system and optimizing the performance of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-17 Yi Zheng , Peng Huang , Anqi Huang , Jinye Peng , Guihua Zeng

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in principle offers unconditional security based on the laws of physics. Continuous variable (CV) quantum key distribution has the potential for high-key-rate and low-cost implementations using standard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-19 Chenyang Li , Li Qian , Hoi-Kwong Lo

There is considerable interest in finding conditions under which the quantum key distribution (QKD) propagation distances over fiber and secure key rate (SKR) are maximized for a given acceptable quantum bit error rate. One way to increase…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-23 Michal Mlejnek , Nikolay A. Kaliteevskiy , Daniel A. Nolan