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Let $G$ be a graph that admits a perfect matching. A {\sf forcing set} for a perfect matching $M$ of $G$ is a subset $S$ of $M$, such that $S$ is contained in no other perfect matching of $G$. This notion originally arose in chemistry in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-03-17 Peyman Afshani , Hamed Hatami , Ebadollah S. Mahmoodian

The zero forcing number is a graph invariant introduced to study the minimum rank of the graph. In 2008, Aazami proved the NP-hardness of computing the zero forcing number of a simple undirected graph. We complete this NP-hardness result by…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-06-09 Maguy Trefois , Jean-Charles Delvenne

In [Steve Butler. A note about cospectral graphs for the adjacency and normalized Laplacian matrices. Linear Multilinear Algebra, 58(3-4):387-390, 2010.], Butler constructed a family of bipartite graphs, which are cospectral for both the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-02-04 M. Rajesh Kannan , Shivaramakrishna Pragada

In this article, we develop a perturbative technique to construct families of non-isomorphic discrete graphs which are isospectral for the standard (also called normalised) Laplacian and its signless version. We use vertex contractions as a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-11 Fernando Lledó , John S. Fabila-Carrasco , Olaf Post

Zero forcing is a binary coloring game on a graph where a set of filled vertices can force non-filled vertices to become filled following a color change rule. In 2008, the zero forcing number of a graph was shown to be an upper bound on its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Thomas R. Cameron , Jonad Pulaj

A set $Z$ of vertices of a graph $G$ is a zero forcing set of $G$ if initially labeling all vertices in $Z$ with $1$ and all remaining vertices of $G$ with $0$, and then, iteratively and as long as possible, changing the label of some…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-08-03 Michael Gentner , Dieter Rautenbach

Amos et al. (Discrete Appl. Math. 181 (2015) 1-10) introduced the notion of the $k$-forcing number of graph for a positive integer $k$ as the generalization of the zero forcing number of a graph. The $k$-forcing number of a simple graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-07-07 Leihao Lu , Baoyindureng Wu , Zixing Tang

The distance matrix of a connected graph is the symmetric matrix with columns and rows indexed by the vertices and entries that are the pairwise distances between the corresponding vertices. We give a construction for graphs which differ in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-06-23 Kristin Heysse

Given a graph $G$, the zero forcing number of $G$, $Z(G)$, is the smallest cardinality of any set $S$ of vertices on which repeated applications of the forcing rule results in all vertices being in $S$. The forcing rule is: if a vertex $v$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-21 Aidan Johnson , Andrew E. Vick , Darren A. Narayan

Let $M\circ N$ denote the Schur product of two matrices $M$ and $N$. A graph $X$ with adjacency matrix $A$ is walk regular if $A^k\circ I$ is a constant times $I$ for each $k\ge0$, and $X$ is 1-walk-regular if it is walk regular and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-01-28 Chris Godsil , Wanting Sun , Xiaohong Zhang

We give a method to construct cospectral graphs for the normalized Laplacian by a local modification in some graphs with special structure. Namely, under some simple assumptions, we can replace a small bipartite graph with a cospectral mate…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-01-27 Steve Butler , Jason Grout

The zero forcing process is an iterative graph colouring process in which at each time step a coloured vertex with a single uncoloured neighbour can force this neighbour to become coloured. A zero forcing set of a graph is an initial set of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-12-18 Deepak Bal , Patrick Bennett , Sean English , Calum MacRury , Paweł Prałat

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process, where given a set of initially colored vertices, a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor causes that neighbor to become colored. A zero forcing set is a set of initially colored…

Zero forcing number has recently become an interesting graph parameter studied in its own right since its introduction by the "AIM Minimum Rank -- Special Graphs Work Group", whereas metric dimension is a well-known graph parameter. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-12-11 Linda Eroh , Cong X. Kang , Eunjeong Yi

There is a profound connection between copositive matrices and graph theory. Copositive matrices provide a powerful tool for formulating and solving various challenging graph-related problems. Conversely, graph theory provides a rich set of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-11 O. I. Kostyukova , T. V. Tchemisova

It is known that the zero forcing number of a graph is an upper bound for the maximum nullity of the graph. In this paper, we search for characteristics of a graph that guarantee the maximum nullity of the graph and the zero forcing number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-12-17 Derek Young

A subset $S$ of initially infected vertices of a graph $G$ is called forcing if we can infect the entire graph by iteratively applying the following process. At each step, any infected vertex which has a unique uninfected neighbour, infects…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-06-06 Thomas Kalinowski , Nina Kamčev , Benny Sudakov

This paper begins the study of reconfiguration of zero forcing sets, and more specifically, the zero forcing graph. Given a base graph $G$, its zero forcing graph, $\mathscr{Z}(G)$, is the graph whose vertices are the minimum zero forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-02 Jesse Geneson , Ruth Haas , Leslie Hogben

Zero forcing parameters, associated with graphs, have been studied for over a decade, and have gained popularity as the number of related applications grows. In particular, it is well-known that such parameters are related to certain vertex…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-09-01 Shaun Fallat , Karen Meagher , Abolghasem Soltani , Boting Yang

The search for a highly discriminating and easily computable invariant to distinguish graphs remains a challenging research topic. Here we focus on cospectral graphs whose complements are also cospectral (generalized cospectral), and on…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-04-17 Aida Abiad , Carlos A. Alfaro , Ralihe R. Villagrán