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Modern commercial games are designed for mass appeal, not for individual players, but there is a unique opportunity in video games to better fit the individual through adapting game elements. In this paper, we focus on AI Directors, systems…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Kristen K. Yu , Matthew Guzdial , Nathan Sturtevant

Foundation models have reshaped AI by unifying fragmented architectures into scalable backbones with multimodal reasoning and contextual adaptation. In parallel, the long-standing notion of AI agents, defined by the sensing-decision-action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Sicong Liu , Weiye Wu , Xiangrui Xu , Teng Li , Bowen Pang , Bin Guo , Zhiwen Yu

We present PORTAL, a novel framework for developing artificial intelligence agents capable of playing thousands of 3D video games through language-guided policy generation. By transforming decision-making problems into language modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zhongwen Xu , Xianliang Wang , Siyi Li , Tao Yu , Liang Wang , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang

The quality of high-level AI of non-player characters (NPCs) in commercial open-world games (OWGs) has been increasing during the past years. However, due to constraints specific to the game industry, this increase has been slow and it has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-02-23 Martin Černý , Tomáš Plch , Matěj Marko , Jakub Gemrot , Petr Ondráček , Cyril Brom

Agent-based modelling is a powerful tool when simulating human systems, yet when human behaviour cannot be described by simple rules or maximising one's own profit, we quickly reach the limits of this methodology. Machine learning has the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Georg Jäger , Daniel Reisinger

Task-oriented dialog systems are often trained on human/human dialogs, such as collected from Wizard-of-Oz interfaces. However, human/human corpora are frequently too small for supervised training to be effective. This paper investigates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Arkady Arkhangorodsky , Scot Fang , Victoria Knight , Ajay Nagesh , Maria Ryskina , Kevin Knight

Human behaviors are regularized by a variety of norms or regulations, either to maintain orders or to enhance social welfare. If artificially intelligent (AI) agents make decisions on behalf of human beings, we would hope they can also…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Fan-Yun Sun , Yen-Yu Chang , Yueh-Hua Wu , Shou-De Lin

Modern network defense can benefit from the use of autonomous systems, offloading tedious and time-consuming work to agents with standard and learning-enabled components. These agents, operating on critical network infrastructure, need to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Nicholas Potteiger , Ankita Samaddar , Hunter Bergstrom , Xenofon Koutsoukos

We introduce a novel framework for automatic behavior tree (BT) construction in heterogeneous multi-robot systems, designed to address the challenges of adaptability and robustness in dynamic environments. Traditional robots are limited by…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Chaoran Wang , Jingyuan Sun , Yanhui Zhang , Mingyu Zhang , Changju Wu

In this paper I present several algorithmic techniques for improving the decision process of multiple types of agents behaving in environments where their interests are in conflict. The interactions between the agents are modelled by using…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-08-04 Mugurel Ionut Andreica

The task of keyhole (unobtrusive) plan recognition is central to adaptive game AI. "Tech trees" or "build trees" are the core of real-time strategy (RTS) game strategic (long term) planning. This paper presents a generic and simple Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-11-17 Gabriel Synnaeve , Pierre Bessière

Text-based games(TBG) are complex environments which allow users or computer agents to make textual interactions and achieve game goals.In TBG agent design and training process, balancing the efficiency and performance of the agent models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Chen Chen , Yue Dai , Josiah Poon , Caren Han

We propose novel methods to develop action controllable agent that behaves like a human and has the ability to align with human players in Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) games. By modeling the control problem as an action generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Shubao Zhang

AI-controlled characters in fighting games are expected to possess reasonably high skills and behave in a believable, human-like manner, exhibiting a diversity of play styles and strategies. Thus, the development of fighting game AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Kaori Yuda , Shota Kamei , Riku Tanji , Ryoya Ito , Ippo Wakana , Maxim Mozgovoy

In this paper we propose an architecture for specifying the interaction of non-player characters (NPCs) in the game-world in a way that abstracts common tasks in four main conceptual components, namely perception, deliberation, control,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-07-12 Davide Aversa , Stavros Vassos

Significant progress has been made in AI for games, including board games, MOBA, and RTS games. However, complex agents are typically developed in an embedded manner, directly accessing game state information, unlike human players who rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Tianyang Wu , Lipeng Wan , Yuhang Wang , Qiang Wan , Xuguang Lan

Recent advances in large language models have sparked growing interest in AI agents capable of solving complex, real-world tasks. However, most existing agent systems rely on manually crafted configurations that remain static after…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jinyuan Fang , Yanwen Peng , Xi Zhang , Yingxu Wang , Xinhao Yi , Guibin Zhang , Yi Xu , Bin Wu , Siwei Liu , Zihao Li , Zhaochun Ren , Nikos Aletras , Xi Wang , Han Zhou , Zaiqiao Meng

Reinforcement learning agents in complex game environments often suffer from sparse rewards, training instability, and poor sample efficiency. This paper presents a hybrid training approach that combines offline imitation learning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Thomas Ackermann , Moritz Spang , Hamza A. A. Gardi

A long-standing vision of computing is the personal AI system: one that understands us well enough to address our underlying needs. Today's AI focuses on what users do, ignoring why they might be doing such things in the first place. As a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Dora Zhao , Michelle S. Lam , Diyi Yang , Michael S. Bernstein

Developing agents capable of fluid gameplay in first/third-person games without API access remains a critical challenge in Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Recent efforts leverage Vision Language Models (VLMs) as direct controllers,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Wenxuan Lu , Jiangyang He , Zhanqiu Zhang , Yiwen Guo , Tianning Zang