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The two most common components of several upcoming CMB experiments are large arrays of superconductive TES (Transition-Edge Sensor) detectors and polarization modulator units, e.g. continuously-rotating Half-Wave Plates (HWP). A high…

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) observatory consisting of three small aperture telescopes and one large aperture telescope. SO is located in the Atacama Desert in Chile at an elevation of 5180m.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-25 Brian J. Koopman , Sanah Bhimani , Nicholas Galitzki , Matthew Hasselfield , Jack Lashner , Hironobu Nakata , Laura Newburgh , David V. Nguyen , Tai Sakuma , Kyohei Yamada

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment located in the Atacama Desert in Chile that will make precise temperature and polarization measurements over six spectral bands ranging from 27 to 285 GHz. Three…

The upcoming Simons Observatory (SO) Small Aperture Telescopes aim at observing the degree-scale anisotropies of the polarized CMB to constrain the primordial tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ at the level of $\sigma(r=0)\lesssim0.003$ to probe…

We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of an aluminum-based six-channel microwave SQUID multiplexer ($\mu$MUX) prototype for transition-edge sensor (TES) readout in the RICOCHET experiment. The device consists of aluminum…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-05-26 James Amidei , Antoine Armatol , Corinne Augier , Louis Bailly-Salins , Guillaume Baulieu , Laurent Bergé , Julien Billard , Juliette Blé , Gaby Brenot , Guillaume Bres , Jean-Louis Bret , Alexandre Broniatowski , Martino Calvo , Antonella Cavanna , Antoine Cazes , Emanuela Celi , David Chaize , Mohammed Chala , Maurice Chapellier , Luke Chaplinsky , Ran Chen , Ion Cojocari , Jules Colas , Laurent Couraud , Elspeth Cudmore , Maryvonne De Jesus , Pierre de Marcillac , Nicole Dombrowski , Louis Dumoulin , Alan Durnez , Romain Faure , Sylvain Ferriol , Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano , Joseph A. Formaggio , Stephane Fuard , Jules Gascon , Cloé Girard-Carillo , Andrea Giuliani , Corinne Goy , Cyrille Guerin , Leïla Haegel , Patrick M. Harrington , Scott A. Hertel , Cyrus F. Hirjibehedin , Christophe Hoarau , Ziqing Hong , Daemon Howard , Jean-Christophe Ianigro , Yong Jin , Alexandre Juillard , Dimitar Karaivanov , Temirlan Khussainov , Andrew Kubik , Jacob Lamblin , Tatiana Le Bellec , Laetitia Leroy , Mingyu Li , Alexey Lubashevskiy , Stefanos Marnieros , Romain Martin , Nicolas Martini , Julien Minet , Alessandro Monfardini , Franck Mounier , Bethany M. Niedzielski , Valentina Novati , Wiliam D. Oliver , Emiliano Olivieri , H. Douglas Pinckney , Denys V. Poda , Dmitrii Ponomarev , Jean-Sébastien Real , Faith C. Reyes , Alejandro Rodriguez , Sergey Rozov , Irina Rozova , Brianna Ryan , Deeksha Sabhari , Silvia Scorza , Kyle Serniak , Renaud Serra , Yegor Shevchik , Torsten Soldner , Hannah Stickler , Caitlyn Stone-Whitehead , Christian Ulysse , Wouter Van De Pontseele , Sergey Vasilyev , Paul Vittaz , Steven Weber , Evan Wolfe , Wayne Woods , Evgeny Yakushev , Jiatong Yang , Daniya Zinatulina

We compared the performance of a SiPM array and a PMT in a laboratory setting using a single 5.08x5.08-cm cylindrical sodium iodide scintillating crystal. Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are the most commonly used device to monitor…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-01-23 Tyana Stiegler , Kareem Kazkaz , Erik Swanberg , Vladimir Mozin

The upcoming Simons Observatory Small Aperture Telescopes aim at achieving a constraint on the primordial tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ at the level of $\sigma(r=0)\lesssim0.003$, observing the polarized CMB in the presence of partial sky…

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a ground-based cosmic microwave background survey experiment that consists of three 0.5 m small-aperture telescopes and one 6 m large-aperture telescope, sited at an elevation of 5200 m in the Atacama Desert…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-20 Lauren J. Saunders , Matthew Hasselfield , Brian J. Koopman , Laura Newburgh

The Simons Observatory will consist of a single large (6 m diameter) telescope and a number of smaller (0.5 m diameter) refracting telescopes designed to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background to unprecedented accuracy.…

The Simons Observatory (SO) is a new cosmic microwave background experiment being built on Cerro Toco in Chile, due to begin observations in the early 2020s. We describe the scientific goals of the experiment, motivate the design, and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-05 The Simons Observatory Collaboration , Peter Ade , James Aguirre , Zeeshan Ahmed , Simone Aiola , Aamir Ali , David Alonso , Marcelo A. Alvarez , Kam Arnold , Peter Ashton , Jason Austermann , Humna Awan , Carlo Baccigalupi , Taylor Baildon , Darcy Barron , Nick Battaglia , Richard Battye , Eric Baxter , Andrew Bazarko , James A. Beall , Rachel Bean , Dominic Beck , Shawn Beckman , Benjamin Beringue , Federico Bianchini , Steven Boada , David Boettger , J. Richard Bond , Julian Borrill , Michael L. Brown , Sarah Marie Bruno , Sean Bryan , Erminia Calabrese , Victoria Calafut , Paolo Calisse , Julien Carron , Anthony Challinor , Grace Chesmore , Yuji Chinone , Jens Chluba , Hsiao-Mei Sherry Cho , Steve Choi , Gabriele Coppi , Nicholas F. Cothard , Kevin Coughlin , Devin Crichton , Kevin D. Crowley , Kevin T. Crowley , Ari Cukierman , John M. D'Ewart , Rolando Dünner , Tijmen de Haan , Mark Devlin , Simon Dicker , Joy Didier , Matt Dobbs , Bradley Dober , Cody J. Duell , Shannon Duff , Adri Duivenvoorden , Jo Dunkley , John Dusatko , Josquin Errard , Giulio Fabbian , Stephen Feeney , Simone Ferraro , Pedro Fluxà , Katherine Freese , Josef C. Frisch , Andrei Frolov , George Fuller , Brittany Fuzia , Nicholas Galitzki , Patricio A. Gallardo , Jose Tomas Galvez Ghersi , Jiansong Gao , Eric Gawiser , Martina Gerbino , Vera Gluscevic , Neil Goeckner-Wald , Joseph Golec , Sam Gordon , Megan Gralla , Daniel Green , Arpi Grigorian , John Groh , Chris Groppi , Yilun Guan , Jon E. Gudmundsson , Dongwon Han , Peter Hargrave , Masaya Hasegawa , Matthew Hasselfield , Makoto Hattori , Victor Haynes , Masashi Hazumi , Yizhou He , Erin Healy , Shawn W. Henderson , Carlos Hervias-Caimapo , Charles A. Hill , J. Colin Hill , Gene Hilton , Matt Hilton , Adam D. Hincks , Gary Hinshaw , Renée Hložek , Shirley Ho , Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho , Logan Howe , Zhiqi Huang , Johannes Hubmayr , Kevin Huffenberger , John P. Hughes , Anna Ijjas , Margaret Ikape , Kent Irwin , Andrew H. Jaffe , Bhuvnesh Jain , Oliver Jeong , Daisuke Kaneko , Ethan D. Karpel , Nobuhiko Katayama , Brian Keating , Sarah S. Kernasovskiy , Reijo Keskitalo , Theodore Kisner , Kenji Kiuchi , Jeff Klein , Kenda Knowles , Brian Koopman , Arthur Kosowsky , Nicoletta Krachmalnicoff , Stephen E. Kuenstner , Chao-Lin Kuo , Akito Kusaka , Jacob Lashner , Adrian Lee , Eunseong Lee , David Leon , Jason S. -Y. Leung , Antony Lewis , Yaqiong Li , Zack Li , Michele Limon , Eric Linder , Carlos Lopez-Caraballo , Thibaut Louis , Lindsay Lowry , Marius Lungu , Mathew Madhavacheril , Daisy Mak , Felipe Maldonado , Hamdi Mani , Ben Mates , Frederick Matsuda , Loïc Maurin , Phil Mauskopf , Andrew May , Nialh McCallum , Chris McKenney , Jeff McMahon , P. Daniel Meerburg , Joel Meyers , Amber Miller , Mark Mirmelstein , Kavilan Moodley , Moritz Munchmeyer , Charles Munson , Sigurd Naess , Federico Nati , Martin Navaroli , Laura Newburgh , Ho Nam Nguyen , Michael Niemack , Haruki Nishino , John Orlowski-Scherer , Lyman Page , Bruce Partridge , Julien Peloton , Francesca Perrotta , Lucio Piccirillo , Giampaolo Pisano , Davide Poletti , Roberto Puddu , Giuseppe Puglisi , Chris Raum , Christian L. Reichardt , Mathieu Remazeilles , Yoel Rephaeli , Dominik Riechers , Felipe Rojas , Anirban Roy , Sharon Sadeh , Yuki Sakurai , Maria Salatino , Mayuri Sathyanarayana Rao , Emmanuel Schaan , Marcel Schmittfull , Neelima Sehgal , Joseph Seibert , Uros Seljak , Blake Sherwin , Meir Shimon , Carlos Sierra , Jonathan Sievers , Precious Sikhosana , Maximiliano Silva-Feaver , Sara M. Simon , Adrian Sinclair , Praween Siritanasak , Kendrick Smith , Stephen R. Smith , David Spergel , Suzanne T. Staggs , George Stein , Jason R. Stevens , Radek Stompor , Aritoki Suzuki , Osamu Tajima , Satoru Takakura , Grant Teply , Daniel B. Thomas , Ben Thorne , Robert Thornton , Hy Trac , Calvin Tsai , Carole Tucker , Joel Ullom , Sunny Vagnozzi , Alexander van Engelen , Jeff Van Lanen , Daniel D. Van Winkle , Eve M. Vavagiakis , Clara Vergès , Michael Vissers , Kasey Wagoner , Samantha Walker , Jon Ward , Ben Westbrook , Nathan Whitehorn , Jason Williams , Joel Williams , Edward J. Wollack , Zhilei Xu , Byeonghee Yu , Cyndia Yu , Fernando Zago , Hezi Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu

Frequency domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers in millimeter-wavelength astrophysical instrumentation. In fMux, the signals from multiple detectors are read out on…

Muon tomography is a non-destructive imaging technique that uses cosmic-ray muons to probe dense materials. Bar scintillator and scintillating fiber detectors equipped with one-dimensional SiPM arrays offer compact, high-resolution…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-04-06 Chenghan Lv , Kun Hu , Huiling Li , Hui Liang , Cong Liu , Hongbo Wang , Zibing Wu , Weiwei Xu

The Simons Observatory is a ground-based telescope array located at an elevation of 5200 meters, in the Atacama Desert in Chile, designed to measure the temperature and polarization of the cosmic microwave background. It comprises four…

We describe updated scientific goals for the wide-field, millimeter-wave survey that will be produced by the Simons Observatory (SO). Significant upgrades to the 6-meter SO Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) are expected to be complete by 2028,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-11 The Simons Observatory Collaboration , M. Abitbol , I. Abril-Cabezas , S. Adachi , P. Ade , A. E. Adler , P. Agrawal , J. Aguirre , Z. Ahmed , S. Aiola , T. Alford , A. Ali , D. Alonso , M. A. Alvarez , R. An , K. Arnold , P. Ashton , Z. Atkins , J. Austermann , S. Azzoni , C. Baccigalupi , A. Baleato Lizancos , D. Barron , P. Barry , J. Bartlett , N. Battaglia , R. Battye , E. Baxter , A. Bazarko , J. A. Beall , R. Bean , D. Beck , S. Beckman , J. Begin , A. Beheshti , B. Beringue , T. Bhandarkar , S. Bhimani , F. Bianchini , E. Biermann , S. Biquard , B. Bixler , S. Boada , D. Boettger , B. Bolliet , J. R. Bond , J. Borrill , J. Borrow , C. Braithwaite , T. L. R. Brien , M. L. Brown , S. M. Bruno , S. Bryan , R. Bustos , H. Cai , E. Calabrese , V. Calafut , F. M. Carl , A. Carones , J. Carron , A. Challinor , P. Chanial , N. Chen , K. Cheung , B. Chiang , Y. Chinone , J. Chluba , H. S. Cho , S. K. Choi , M. Chu , J. Clancy , S. E. Clark , P. Clarke , J. Cleary , D. L. Clements , J. Connors , C. Contaldi , G. Coppi , L. Corbett , N. F. Cothard , W. Coulton , K. D. Crowley , K. T. Crowley , A. Cukierman , J. M. D'Ewart , K. Dachlythra , R. Datta , S. Day-Weiss , T. de Haan , M. Devlin , L. Di Mascolo , S. Dicker , B. Dober , C. Doux , P. Dow , S. Doyle , C. J. Duell , S. M. Duff , A. J. Duivenvoorden , J. Dunkley , D. Dutcher , R. Dünner , M. Edenton , H. El Bouhargani , J. Errard , G. Fabbian , V. Fanfani , G. S. Farren , J. Fergusson , S. Ferraro , R. Flauger , A. Foster , K. Freese , J. C. Frisch , A. Frolov , G. Fuller , N. Galitzki , P. A. Gallardo , J. T. Galvez Ghersi , K. Ganga , J. Gao , X. Garrido , E. Gawiser , M. Gerbino , R. Gerras , S. Giardiello , A. Gill , V. Gilles , U. Giri , E. Gleave , V. Gluscevic , N. Goeckner-Wald , J. E. Golec , S. Gordon , M. Gralla , S. Gratton , D. Green , J. C. Groh , C. Groppi , Y. Guan , N. Gupta , J. E. Guðmundsson , S. Hagstotz , P. Hargrave , S. Haridas , K. Harrington , I. Harrison , M. Hasegawa , M. Hasselfield , V. Haynes , M. Hazumi , A. He , E. Healy , S. W. Henderson , B. S. Hensley , E. Hertig , C. Hervías-Caimapo , M. Higuchi , C. A. Hill , J. C. Hill , G. Hilton , M. Hilton , A. D. Hincks , G. Hinshaw , R. Hložek , A. Y. Q. Ho , S. Ho , S. P. Ho , T. D. Hoang , J. Hoh , E. Hornecker , A. L. Hornsby , S. C. Hotinli , Z. Huang , Z. B. Huber , J. Hubmayr , K. Huffenberger , J. P. Hughes , A. Idicherian Lonappan , M. Ikape , K. Irwin , J. Iuliano , A. H. Jaffe , B. Jain , H. T. Jense , O. Jeong , A. Johnson , B. R. Johnson , M. Johnson , M. Jones , B. Jost , D. Kaneko , E. D. Karpel , Y. Kasai , N. Katayama , B. Keating , B. Keller , R. Keskitalo , J. Kim , T. Kisner , K. Kiuchi , J. Klein , K. Knowles , A. M. Kofman , B. J. Koopman , A. Kosowsky , R. Kou , N. Krachmalnicoff , D. Kramer , A. Krishak , A. Krolewski , A. Kusaka , A. Kusiak , P. La Plante , A. La Posta , A. Laguë , J. Lashner , M. Lattanzi , A. Lee , E. Lee , J. Leech , C. Lessler , J. S. Leung , A. Lewis , Y. Li , Z. Li , M. Limon , L. Lin , M. Link , J. Liu , Y. Liu , J. Lonergan , T. Louis , T. Lucas , M. Ludlam , M. Lungu , M. Lyons , N. MacCrann , A. MacInnis , M. Madhavacheril , D. Mak , F. Maldonado , M. Mallaby-Kay , A. Manduca , A. Mangu , H. Mani , A. S. Maniyar , G. A. Marques , J. Mates , T. Matsumura , P. Mauskopf , A. May , N. McCallum , H. McCarrick , F. McCarthy , M. McCulloch , J. McMahon , P. D. Meerburg , Y. Mehta , J. Melin , J. Meyers , A. Middleton , A. Miller , M. Mirmelstein , K. Moodley , J. Moore , M. Morshed , T. Morton , E. Moser , T. Mroczkowski , M. Murata , M. Münchmeyer , S. Naess , H. Nakata , T. Namikawa , M. Nashimoto , F. Nati , P. Natoli , M. Negrello , S. K. Nerval , L. Newburgh , D. V. Nguyen , A. Nicola , M. D. Niemack , H. Nishino , Y. Nishinomiya , A. Orlando , J. Orlowski-Scherer , L. Pagano , L. A. Page , S. Pandey , A. Papageorgiou , I. Paraskevakos , B. Partridge , R. Patki , M. Peel , K. Perez Sarmiento , F. Perrotta , P. Phakathi , L. Piccirillo , E. Pierpaoli , T. Pinsonneault-Marotte , G. Pisano , D. Poletti , R. Puddu , G. Puglisi , F. J. Qu , M. J. Randall , C. Ranucci , C. Raum , R. Reeves , C. L. Reichardt , M. Remazeilles , Y. Rephaeli , D. Riechers , J. Robe , M. F. Robertson , N. Robertson , K. Rogers , F. Rojas , A. Romero , E. Rosenberg , A. Rotti , S. Rowe , A. Roy , S. Sadeh , N. Sailer , K. Sakaguri , T. Sakuma , Y. Sakurai , M. Salatino , G. H. Sanders , D. Sasaki , M. Sathyanarayana Rao , T. P. Satterthwaite , L. Saunders , L. Scalcinati , E. Schaan , B. Schmitt , M. Schmittfull , N. Sehgal , J. Seibert , Y. Seino , U. Seljak , S. Shaikh , E. Shaw , P. Shellard , B. Sherwin , M. Shimon , J. E. Shroyer , C. Sierra , J. Sievers , C. Sifón , P. Sikhosana , M. Silva-Feaver , S. M. Simon , A. Sinclair , K. Smith , W. Sohn , X. Song , R. F. Sonka , D. Spergel , J. Spisak , S. T. Staggs , G. Stein , J. R. Stevens , R. Stompor , E. Storer , R. Sudiwala , J. Sugiyama , K. M. Surrao , S. Sutariya , A. Suzuki , J. Suzuki , O. Tajima , S. Takakura , A. Takeuchi , I. Tansieri , A. C. Taylor , G. Teply , T. Terasaki , A. Thomas , D. B. Thomas , R. Thornton , H. Trac , T. Tsan , E. Tsang King Sang , C. Tucker , J. Ullom , L. Vacher , L. Vale , A. van Engelen , J. Van Lanen , J. van Marrewijk , D. D. Van Winkle , C. Vargas , E. M. Vavagiakis , I. Veenendaal , C. Vergès , M. Vissers , M. Viña , K. Wagoner , S. Walker , L. Walters , Y. Wang , B. Westbrook , J. Williams , P. Williams , H. Winch , E. J. Wollack , K. Wolz , J. Wong , Z. Xu , K. Yamada , E. Young , B. Yu , C. Yu , M. Zannoni , K. Zheng , N. Zhu , A. Zonca , I. Zubeldia

Arrays of hundreds or thousands of low temperature detectors have been deployed for many experiments, both bolometers for long wavelength applications and calorimeters for shorter wavelength applications. One challenge that is common to…

The Simons Observatory (SO) is an upcoming experiment that will study temperature and polarization fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from the Atacama Desert in Chile. SO will field both a large aperture telescope (LAT)…

A microwave SQUID multiplexer ($\mu$MUX) has been optimized for coupling to large arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. We present the scalable cryogenic multiplexer chip design in a 1820-channel multiplexer…

Large arrays of cryogenic detectors, including transition-edge sensors (TESs) or magnetic micro-calorimeters (MMCs), are needed for future experiments across a wide range of applications. Complexities in integration and cryogenic wiring…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-01-10 C. Yu , A. Ames , S. Chaudhuri , C. Dawson , K. D. Irwin , S. E. Kuenstner , D. Li , C. J. Titus