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Scaling up neural models has yielded significant advancements in a wide array of tasks, particularly in language generation. Previous studies have found that the performance of neural models frequently adheres to predictable scaling laws,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yan Fang , Jingtao Zhan , Qingyao Ai , Jiaxin Mao , Weihang Su , Jia Chen , Yiqun Liu

Generative recommendation models can model user behavior as sequences of events and provide a shared backbone for multiple recommendation tasks. In production, however, pre-training gains do not automatically translate into downstream…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Qiuling Xu , Ko-Jen Hsiao , Moumita Bhattacharya

Learning from user interaction history through sequential models has become a cornerstone of large-scale recommender systems. Recent advances in large language models have revealed promising scaling laws, sparking a surge of research into…

Scaling laws have shaped recent advances in machine learning by enabling predictable scaling of model performance based on model size, computation, and data volume. Concurrently, the rise in computational cost for AI has motivated model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Andrei Panferov , Alexandra Volkova , Ionut-Vlad Modoranu , Vage Egiazarian , Mher Safaryan , Dan Alistarh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are large-scale pretrained models that have achieved remarkable success across diverse domains. These successes have been driven by unprecedented complexity and scale in both data and computations. However, due…

For a given distribution, learning algorithm, and performance metric, the rate of convergence (or data-scaling law) is the asymptotic behavior of the algorithm's test performance as a function of number of train samples. Many learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Preetum Nakkiran

Continual Pre-training (CPT) serves as a fundamental approach for adapting foundation models to domain-specific applications. Scaling laws for pre-training define a power-law relationship between dataset size and the test loss of an LLM.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Lei Liu , Hao Zhu , Yue Shen , Zhixuan Chu , Jian Wang , Jinjie Gu , Kui Ren

General-purpose representation learning through large-scale pre-training has shown promising results in the various machine learning fields. For an e-commerce domain, the objective of general-purpose, i.e., one for all, representations…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Kyuyong Shin , Hanock Kwak , Kyung-Min Kim , Minkyu Kim , Young-Jin Park , Jisu Jeong , Seungjae Jung

Modern large language models (LLMs) represent a paradigm shift in what can plausibly be expected of machine learning models. The fact that LLMs can effectively generate sensible answers to a diverse range of queries suggests that they would…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Dean Wyatte , Fatemeh Tahmasbi , Ming Li , Thomas Markovich

Despite recent advancements of large language models (LLMs), optimally predicting the model size for LLM pretraining or allocating optimal resources still remains a challenge. Several efforts have addressed the challenge by proposing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Md Arafat Hossain , Xingfu Wu , Valerie Taylor , Ali Jannesari

There is a recent trend in machine learning to increase model quality by growing models to sizes previously thought to be unreasonable. Recent work has shown that autoregressive generative models with cross-entropy objective functions…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-18 Jasha Droppo , Oguz Elibol

Continual Pre-Training (CPT) has become a popular and effective method to apply strong foundation models to specific downstream tasks. In this work, we explore the learning dynamics throughout the CPT process for large language models. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Xingjin Wang , Howe Tissue , Lu Wang , Linjing Li , Daniel Dajun Zeng

Neural scaling laws establish a predictable relationship between model performance and data or compute, offering crucial guidance for resource allocation in new domains and tasks. Yet such laws are most needed precisely where they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Xing Han , Ziyin Liu , Suchi Saria , Paul Pu Liang

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in diverse tasks but often underperform in specialized fields due to limited domain-specific or proprietary corpus. Continual pre-training (CPT) enhances LLM capabilities by imbuing new domain-specific or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jiawei Gu , Zacc Yang , Chuanghao Ding , Rui Zhao , Fei Tan

Guided by the belief of the scaling law, large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance in recent years. However, scaling law only gives a qualitative estimation of loss, which is influenced by various factors such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Chuhan Wu , Ruiming Tang

The remarkable progress in deep learning in recent years is largely driven by improvements in scale, where bigger models are trained on larger datasets for longer schedules. To predict the benefit of scale empirically, we argue for a more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Ibrahim Alabdulmohsin , Behnam Neyshabur , Xiaohua Zhai

Large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable advances in recent years, with scaling laws playing a critical role in this rapid progress. In this paper, we empirically investigate how a critical hyper-parameter, i.e., the global batch…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Xian Shuai , Yiding Wang , Yimeng Wu , Xin Jiang , Xiaozhe Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a promising frontier for recommender systems, yet their development has been impeded by the absence of predictable scaling laws, which are crucial for guiding research and optimizing resource…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Benyu Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Jianpeng Cheng , Hong-You Chen , Qifei Wang , Wei Sun , Shen Li , Jia Li , Jiahao Wu , Xiangjun Fan , Hong Yan

We present a novel framework for user representation in large-scale recommender systems, aiming at effectively representing diverse user taste in a generalized manner. Our approach employs a two-stage methodology combining representation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Ghazal Fazelnia , Sanket Gupta , Claire Keum , Mark Koh , Ian Anderson , Mounia Lalmas

Scaling laws have profoundly shaped our understanding of model performance in computer vision and natural language processing, yet their application to general audio representation learning remains underexplored. A key challenge lies in the…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xuyao Deng , Yanjie Sun , Yong Dou , Kele Xu