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Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) aims to assign texts to structured label hierarchies; however, it faces challenges due to data scarcity and model complexity. This study explores the feasibility of using black box Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Kosuke Yoshimura , Hisashi Kashima

Hierarchical text classification is a challenging subtask of multi-label classification due to its complex label hierarchy. Existing methods encode text and label hierarchy separately and mix their representations for classification, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Zihan Wang , Peiyi Wang , Lianzhe Huang , Xin Sun , Houfeng Wang

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is an important task with broad applications, while few-shot HTC has gained increasing interest recently. While in-context learning (ICL) with large language models (LLMs) has achieved significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Huiyao Chen , Yu Zhao , Zulong Chen , Mengjia Wang , Liangyue Li , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang

Hierarchical text classification, which aims to classify text documents into a given hierarchy, is an important task in many real-world applications. Recently, deep neural models are gaining increasing popularity for text classification due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-01-01 Yu Meng , Jiaming Shen , Chao Zhang , Jiawei Han

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) depends on taxonomies that organize labels into structured hierarchies. However, many real-world taxonomies introduce ambiguities, such as identical leaf names under similar parent nodes, which prevent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jonas Golde , Nicolaas Jedema , Ravi Krishnan , Phong Le

Many important classification problems in the real-world consist of a large number of closely related categories in a hierarchical structure or taxonomy. Hierarchical multi-label text classification (HMTC) with higher accuracy over large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Pengfei Gao , Jingpeng Zhao , Yinglong Ma , Ahmad Tanvir , Beihong Jin

Due to the complex label hierarchy and intensive labeling cost in practice, the hierarchical text classification (HTC) suffers a poor performance especially when low-resource or few-shot settings are considered. Recently, there is a growing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Ke Ji , Yixin Lian , Jingsheng Gao , Baoyuan Wang

Recent advances in large language models have shown that autoregressive modeling can generate complex and novel sequences that have many real-world applications. However, these models must generate outputs autoregressively, which becomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Asier Mujika

State-of-the-art approaches to spelling error correction problem include Transformer-based Seq2Seq models, which require large training sets and suffer from slow inference time; and sequence labeling models based on Transformer encoders…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Mengyi Gao , Canran Xu , Peng Shi

Generative retrieval employs sequence models for conditional generation of document IDs based on a query (DSI (Tay et al., 2022); NCI (Wang et al., 2022); inter alia). While this has led to improved performance in zero-shot retrieval, it is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Tongfei Chen , Ankita Sharma , Adam Pauls , Benjamin Van Durme

Categorizing documents into a given label hierarchy is intuitively appealing due to the ubiquity of hierarchical topic structures in massive text corpora. Although related studies have achieved satisfying performance in fully supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yu Zhang , Xiusi Chen , Yu Meng , Jiawei Han

Hierarchical multi-label text classification (HMTC) has been gaining popularity in recent years thanks to its applicability to a plethora of real-world applications. The existing HMTC algorithms largely focus on the design of classifiers,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Xinyi Zhang , Jiahao Xu , Charlie Soh , Lihui Chen

Decoder-only language models, such as GPT and LLaMA, generally decode on the last layer. Motivated by human's hierarchical thinking capability, we propose that a hierarchical decoder architecture could be built with different layers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yihong Wang , Zhonglin Jiang , Ningyuan Xi , Yue Zhao , Qingqing Gu , Xiyuan Chen , Hao Wu , Sheng Xu , Hange Zhou , Yong Chen , Luo Ji

Interleaved texts, where posts belonging to different threads occur in one sequence, are a common occurrence, e.g., online chat conversations. To quickly obtain an overview of such texts, existing systems first disentangle the posts by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Sanjeev Kumar Karn , Francine Chen , Yan-Ying Chen , Ulli Waltinger , Hinrich Schütze

Taxonomy is a hierarchically structured knowledge graph that plays a crucial role in machine intelligence. The taxonomy expansion task aims to find a position for a new term in an existing taxonomy to capture the emerging knowledge in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Suyuchen Wang , Ruihui Zhao , Xi Chen , Yefeng Zheng , Bang Liu

Hyperdimensional computing (HDC) is an emerging computing paradigm that imitates the brain's structure to offer a powerful and efficient processing and learning model. In HDC, the data are encoded with long vectors, called hypervectors,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Sercan Aygun , Mehran Shoushtari Moghadam , M. Hassan Najafi , Mohsen Imani

Recent text-to-3D models can render high-quality assets, yet they still stumble on objects with complex attributes. The key obstacles are: (1) existing text-to-3D approaches typically lift text-to-image models to extract semantics via text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Yiming Qin , Zhu Xu , Yang Liu

Transcribing structured data into natural language descriptions has emerged as a challenging task, referred to as "data-to-text". These structures generally regroup multiple elements, as well as their attributes. Most attempts rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Clément Rebuffel , Laure Soulier , Geoffrey Scoutheeten , Patrick Gallinari

Subcode-ensemble decoders improve iterative decoding by running multiple decoders in parallel over carefully chosen subcodes, increasing the likelihood that at least one decoder avoids the dominant trapping structures. Achieving strong…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yubeen Jo , Geon Choi , Chanho Park , Namyoon Lee

Hierarchical classification aims to sort the object into a hierarchical structure of categories. For example, a bird can be categorized according to a three-level hierarchy of order, family, and species. Existing methods commonly address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Renzhen Wang , De cai , Kaiwen Xiao , Xixi Jia , Xiao Han , Deyu Meng