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This article presents a method for improving a keyword spotter (KWS) algorithm in noisy environments. Although beamforming (BF) and adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) techniques are robust in some conditions, they may degrade the performance…

Voice-enabled commercial products are ubiquitous, typically enabled by lightweight on-device keyword spotting (KWS) and full automatic speech recognition (ASR) in the cloud. ASR systems require significant computational resources in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-20 Raphael Tang , Gefei Yang , Hong Wei , Yajie Mao , Ferhan Ture , Jimmy Lin

This paper proposes a self-learning method to incrementally train (fine-tune) a personalized Keyword Spotting (KWS) model after the deployment on ultra-low power smart audio sensors. We address the fundamental problem of the absence of…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Manuele Rusci , Francesco Paci , Marco Fariselli , Eric Flamand , Tinne Tuytelaars

Catastrophic forgetting is a thorny challenge when updating keyword spotting (KWS) models after deployment. To tackle such challenges, we propose a progressive continual learning strategy for small-footprint spoken keyword spotting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Yizheng Huang , Nana Hou , Nancy F. Chen

Customizable keyword spotting (KWS) in continuous speech has attracted increasing attention due to its real-world application potential. While contrastive learning (CL) has been widely used to extract keyword representations, previous CL…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-15 Yu Xi , Baochen Yang , Hao Li , Jiaqi Guo , Kai Yu

Keyword spotting (KWS) plays a critical role in enabling speech-based user interactions on smart devices. Recent developments in the field of deep learning have led to wide adoption of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in KWS systems due…

Acoustic-to-Word recognition provides a straightforward solution to end-to-end speech recognition without needing external decoding, language model re-scoring or lexicon. While character-based models offer a natural solution to the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-08-22 Shruti Palaskar , Florian Metze

Sound Event Detection (SED) detects regions of sound events, while Speaker Diarization (SD) segments speech conversations attributed to individual speakers. In SED, all speaker segments are classified as a single speech event, while in SD,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-16 Yidi Jiang , Ruijie Tao , Wen Huang , Qian Chen , Wen Wang

At the end of Moore's law, new computing paradigms are required to prolong the battery life of wearable and IoT smart audio devices. Theoretical analysis and physical validation have shown that analog signal processing (ASP) can be more…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-30 Boris Bergsma , Minhao Yang , Milos Cernak

In this paper a generalized postfilter algorithm design issues are presented. This postfilter is used to jointly suppress late reverberation, residual echo, and background noise. When residual echo and noise are suppressed, the best result…

Sound · Computer Science 2013-05-07 Urmila Shrawankar , V M Thakare

Speech is a common and effective way of communication between humans, and modern consumer devices such as smartphones and home hubs are equipped with deep learning based accurate automatic speech recognition to enable natural interaction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-03 Moustafa Alzantot , Bharathan Balaji , Mani Srivastava

Numerous methods have been proposed to enhance Keyword Spotting (KWS) in adult speech, but children's speech presents unique challenges for KWS systems due to its distinct acoustic and linguistic characteristics. This paper introduces a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-01 Subham Kutum , Abhijit Sinha , Hemant Kumar Kathania , Sudarsana Reddy Kadiri , Mahesh Chandra Govil

Eliminating the negative effect of non-stationary environmental noise is a long-standing research topic for automatic speech recognition that stills remains an important challenge. Data-driven supervised approaches, including ones based on…

Compared with automatic speech recognition (ASR), the human auditory system is more adept at handling noise-adverse situations, including environmental noise and channel distortion. To mimic this adeptness, auditory models have been widely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-09-16 Peng Dai , Xue Teng , Frank Rudzicz , Ing Yann Soon

Contextualized end-to-end automatic speech recognition has been an active research area, with recent efforts focusing on the implicit learning of contextual phrases based on the final loss objective. However, these approaches ignore the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-12 Muhammad Shakeel , Yui Sudo , Yifan Peng , Shinji Watanabe

Keyword spotting (KWS) plays an essential role in enabling speech-based user interaction on smart devices, and conventional KWS (C-KWS) approaches have concentrated on detecting user-agnostic pre-defined keywords. However, in practice, most…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Seunghan Yang , Byeonggeun Kim , Inseop Chung , Simyung Chang

In this paper, we introduce a streaming keyphrase detection system that can be easily customized to accurately detect any phrase composed of words from a large vocabulary. The system is implemented with an end-to-end trained automatic…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-16 Rajeev Rikhye , Quan Wang , Qiao Liang , Yanzhang He , Ding Zhao , Yiteng , Huang , Arun Narayanan , Ian McGraw

Detecting occurrences of keywords with keyword spotting (KWS) systems requires thresholding continuous detection scores. Selecting appropriate thresholds is a non-trivial task, typically relying on optimizing performance on a validation…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Kevin Wilkinghoff , Alessia Cornaggia-Urrigshardt , Zheng-Hua Tan

Human speech contains both linguistic content and speaker dependent characteristics making speaker verification a key technology in identity critical applications. Modern deep learning speaker verification systems aim to learn speaker…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Nikos Chazaridis , Mohammad Belal , Rafael Mestre , Timothy J. Norman , Christine Evers

The conventional wisdom has been that designing ultra-compact, battery-constrained wireless hearables with on-device speech AI models is challenging due to the high computational demands of streaming deep learning models. Speech AI models…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Malek Itani , Tuochao Chen , Arun Raghavan , Gavriel Kohlberg , Shyamnath Gollakota