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We develop several algorithms for performing quantum phase estimation based on basic measurements and classical post-processing. We present a pedagogical review of quantum phase estimation and simulate the algorithm to numerically determine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-30 Krysta M. Svore , Matthew B. Hastings , Michael Freedman

We discuss the implementation of an iterative quantum phase estimation algorithm, with a single ancillary qubit. We suggest using this algorithm as a benchmark for multi-qubit implementations. Furthermore we describe in detail the smallest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-26 M. Dobsicek , G. Johansson , V. S. Shumeiko , G. Wendin

We consider performing phase estimation under the following conditions: we are given only one copy of the input state, the input state does not have to be an eigenstate of the unitary, and the state must not be measured. Most quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-13 Patrick Rall

Quantum phase estimation (QPE) is a central algorithmic primitive that estimates eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian up to precision $\epsilon$ in Heisenberg-limited time $T=\Theta(1/\epsilon)$. Standard gate-based implementations of QPE require…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Alexander Schmidhuber , Seth Lloyd

Understanding algorithmic error accumulation in quantum simulation is crucial due to its fundamental significance and practical applications in simulating quantum many-body system dynamics. Conventional theories typically apply the triangle…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-11 Boyang Chen , Jue Xu , Qi Zhao , Xiao Yuan

We investigate the response to noise, in the form of glassy disorder present in circuit elements, in the success probability of the quantum phase estimation algorithm, a subroutine used to determine the eigenvalue - a phase - corresponding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-08 Soubhadra Maiti , Kornikar Sen , Ujjwal Sen

Quantum phase estimation is an important routine in many quantum algorithms, particularly for estimating the ground state energy in quantum chemistry simulations. This estimation involves applying powers of a unitary to the ground state,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 Kaur Kristjuhan , Dominic W. Berry

Recent experimental breakthroughs have signalled the imminent arrival of the early fault-tolerant era. However, for a considerable period in the foreseeable future, relying solely on quantum error correction for full error suppression will…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Kecheng Liu , Zhenyu Cai

Approximating the $k$-th spectral gap $\Delta_k=|\lambda_k-\lambda_{k+1}|$ and the corresponding midpoint $\mu_k=\frac{\lambda_k+\lambda_{k+1}}{2}$ of an $N\times N$ Hermitian matrix with eigenvalues…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Almudena Carrera Vazquez , Aleksandros Sobczyk

Given $N_{\textrm{tot}}$ applications of a unitary operation with an unknown phase $\theta$, a large-scale fault-tolerant quantum system can {reduce} an estimate's {error} scaling from $\mathcal{O} \left[ 1 / \sqrt{N_{\textrm{tot}}}…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-15 Joseph G. Smith , Crispin H. W. Barnes , David R. M. Arvidsson-Shukur

We propose a phase-difference estimation algorithm based on the tensor-network circuit compression, leveraging time-evolution data to pursue scalability and higher accuracy on a quantum phase estimation (QPE)-type algorithm. Using tensor…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Shu Kanno , Kenji Sugisaki , Rei Sakuma , Jumpei Kato , Hajime Nakamura , Naoki Yamamoto

Quantum algorithms are able to solve particular problems exponentially faster than conventional algorithms, when implemented on a quantum computer. However, all demonstrations to date have required already knowing the answer to construct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-22 Xiao-Qi Zhou , Pruet Kalasuwan , Timothy C. Ralph , Jeremy L. O'Brien

Quantum algorithms for diverse problems, including search and optimization problems, require the implementation of a reflection operator over a target state. Commonly, such reflections are approximately implemented using phase estimation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-08 Anirban Narayan Chowdhury , Yigit Subasi , Rolando D. Somma

Quantum phase estimation is a cornerstone in quantum algorithm design, allowing for the inference of eigenvalues of exponentially-large sparse matrices.The maximum rate at which these eigenvalues may be learned, --known as the Heisenberg…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-12 Alicja Dutkiewicz , Barbara M. Terhal , Thomas E. O'Brien

A basic building block of many quantum algorithms is the Phase Estimation algorithm (PEA). It estimates an eigenphase $\phi$ of a unitary operator $U$ using a copy of the corresponding eigenstate $|\phi\rangle$. Suppose, in place of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-21 Avatar Tulsi

Quantum phase estimation plays a central role in quantum simulation as it enables the study of spectral properties of many-body quantum systems. Most variants of the phase estimation algorithm require the application of the global unitary…

Large-scale quantum computation will only be achieved if experimentally implementable quantum error correction procedures are devised that can tolerate experimentally achievable error rates. We describe a quantum error correction procedure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-02-22 David S. Wang , Austin G. Fowler , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

Performing experiments on small-scale quantum computers is certainly a challenging endeavor. Many parameters need to be optimized to achieve high-fidelity operations. This can be done efficiently for operations acting on single qubits as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-31 M. Müller , A. Rivas , E. A. Martínez , D. Nigg , P. Schindler , T. Monz , R. Blatt , M. A. Martin-Delgado

Trotter approximation in conjunction with Quantum Phase Estimation can be used to extract eigen-energies of a many-body Hamiltonian on a quantum computer. There were several ways proposed to assess the quality of this approximation based on…

Quantum effects like entanglement and coherent amplification can be used to drastically enhance the accuracy of quantum parameter estimation beyond classical limits. However, challenges such as decoherence and time-dependent errors hinder…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Yulong Dong , Jonathan A. Gross , Murphy Yuezhen Niu