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Unbiased sources of true randomness are critical for the successful deployment of stochastic unconventional computing schemes and encryption applications in hardware. Leveraging nanoscale thermal magnetization fluctuations provides an…

A quantum random number generator (QRNG) as a genuine source of randomness is essential in many applications, such as number simulation and cryptography. Recently, a source-independent quantum random number generator (SI-QRNG), which can…

The recent development of perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has the potential to revolutionize the fields of optical communication and lighting devices, due to their simplicity of fabrication and outstanding optical properties. Here…

Random numbers are important in many activities, including communication, encryption, science, gambling, finance, and decision-making. There is a strong demand for a hardware random number generator that could support cryptographic…

Quantum state engineering plays a vital role in various applications in the field of quantum information. Different strategies, including drive-and-dissipation, adiabatic cooling, and measurement-based steering, have been proposed in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-09 E. Medina-Guerra , Parveen Kumar , I. V. Gornyi , Yuval Gefen

Quantum random numbers are essential for security against quantum algorithms. Randomness as a beacon is a service being provided for companies and governments to upgrade their security standards from RSA to PQC-QKD or PQC-RSA protocols.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-30 Vardaan Mongia , Abhishek Kumar , Shashi Prabhakar , R. P. Singh

Randomness is an indispensable resource in modern science and information technology. Fortunately, an experimentally simple procedure exists to generate randomness with well-characterized devices: measuring a quantum system in a basis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Le Phuc Thinh , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Eduardo Martin-Martinez

Random number generation is fundamental for many modern applications including cryptography, simulations and machine learning. Traditional pseudo-random numbers may offer statistical unpredictability, but are ultimately deterministic. On…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Andrzej Gnatowski , Jarosław Rudy , Teodor Niżyński , Krzysztof Święcicki

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) can significantly improve the security of cryptographic protocols, by ensuring that generated keys cannot be predicted. However, the cost, size, and power requirements of current QRNGs has prevented…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-03 Bruno Sanguinetti , Anthony Martin , Hugo Zbinden , Nicolas Gisin

Quantum coherence serves as a fundamental resource for generating intrinsic randomness, yet the quantification of randomness in quantum random number generators (QRNGs) based on spontaneous emission has remained largely phenomenological.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 Chenxu Li , Shengfan Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Quantum measurements under realistic conditions reveal only partial information about a system. Yet, by performing sequential measurements on the same system, additional information can be accessed. We investigate this problem in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Carles Roch I Carceller , Hanwool Lee , Jonatan Bohr Brask , Kieran Flatt , Joonwoo Bae

Quality randomness is fundamental to cryptographic operations but on embedded systems good sources are (seemingly) hard to find. Rather than use expensive custom hardware, our ERHARD-RNG Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) utilizes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Jacob Grycel , Robert J. Walls

We report on an optical setup generating more than one bit of randomness from one entangled bit (i.e. a maximally entangled state of two-qubits). The amount of randomness is certified through the observation of Bell non-local correlations.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-18 S. Gómez , A. Mattar , E. S. Gómez , D. Cavalcanti , O. Jiménez Farías , A. Acín , G. Lima

A quantum random number generator (QRNG) can generate true randomness by exploiting the fundamental indeterminism of quantum mechanics. Most approaches to QRNG employ single-photon detection technologies and are limited in speed. Here, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-12 Feihu Xu , Bing Qi , Xiongfeng Ma , He Xu , Haoxuan Zheng , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Chaos enables the emergence of randomness in deterministic physical systems. Therefore it can be exploited for the conception of true random number generators (RNG) mandatory in classical cryptography applications. Meanwhile, nanomechanical…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2022-09-14 Guilhem Madiot , Franck Correia , Sylvain Barbay , Rémy Braive

Quantum random number generation is a technique to generate random numbers by extracting randomness from specific quantum processes. As for practical random number generators, they are required not only to have no information leakage but…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Zehao Zhao , Xiongfeng Ma , Hongyi Zhou

This paper has a practical aim. For a long time, implementations of pseudorandom number generators in standard libraries of programming languages had poor quality. The situation started to improve only recently. Up to now, a large number of…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Migran N. Gevorkyan , Dmitry S. Kulyabov , Anastasia V. Demidova , Anna V. Korolkova

Random numbers play a crucial role in numerous scientific applications. Source-independent quantum random number generators (SI-QRNGs) can offer true randomness by leveraging the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, eliminating the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-29 Yongqiang Du , Xin Hua , Zhengeng Zhao , Xiaoran Sun , Zhenrong Zhang , Xi Xiao , Kejin Wei

The advantages of quantum random number generators (QRNGs) over pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) are normally attributed to the nature of quantum measurements. This is often seen as implying the superiority of the sequences of bits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-04 Alastair A. Abbott , Cristian S. Calude , Michael J. Dinneen , Nan Huang

Do completely unpredictable events exist in nature? Classical theory, being fully deterministic, completely excludes fundamental randomness. On the contrary, quantum theory allows for randomness within its axiomatic structure. Yet, the fact…