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We introduce a new class of automated market maker (AMM), the \emph{partially active automated market maker} (PA-AMM). PA-AMM divides its reserves into two parts, the active and the passive parts, and uses only the active part for trading.…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-11 Sunghun Ko

Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) are new types of marketplaces leveraging Blockchain technology. They allow users to trade assets with Automatic Market Makers (AMM), using funds provided by liquidity providers, removing the need for order…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Yogev Bar-On , Yishay Mansour

The emergence of Concentrated Liquidity Market Makers (CLMMs) has made liquidity provision on decentralized exchanges an active and risk-sensitive task. However, the standalone profitability of liquidity provision remains unclear for…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-04-27 Andrey Urusov , Rostislav Berezovskiy , Anatoly Krestenko , Andrei Kornilov

Blockchains have popularized automated market makers (AMMs). An AMM exchange is an application running on a blockchain which maintains a pool of crypto-assets and automatically trades assets with users governed by some pricing function that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-16 T-H. Hubert Chan , Ke Wu , Elaine Shi

Blockchains have popularized the Automated Market Makers (AMMs), where users trade crypto-assets directly with a smart contract, governed by a pricing function embedded in the contract's code. Today, users of AMMs are often forced to accept…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yuhao Li , Elaine Shi , Mengqian Zhang

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) hold assets and are constantly being rebalanced by external arbitrageurs to match external market prices. Loss-versus-rebalancing (LVR) is a pivotal metric for measuring how an AMM pool performs for its…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-11-01 Matthew Willetts , Christian Harrington

We investigate the market microstructure of Automated Market Makers (AMMs), the most prominent type of blockchain-based decentralized exchanges. We show that the order execution mechanism yields token value loss for liquidity providers if…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-07-22 Agostino Capponi , Ruizhe Jia

Automated market makers (AMMs) are a new prototype of decentralised exchanges which are revolutionising market interactions. The majority of AMMs are constant product markets (CPMs) where exchange rates are set by a trading function. This…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-06-19 Álvaro Cartea , Fayçal Drissi , Marcello Monga

Automated Market Makers (AMMs), as a core infrastructure of decentralized finance (DeFi), uniquely drive on-chain asset pricing through a deterministic reserve ratio mechanism. Unlike traditional markets, AMM price dynamics is triggered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Huaiyu Jia , Jiehshun You , Yizhi Luo , Jingyu Liu , Shuo Sun

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are emerging as a popular decentralised trading platform. In this work, we determine the optimal dynamic fees in a constant function market maker. We find approximate closed-form solutions to the control…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-06-26 Leonardo Baggiani , Martin Herdegen , Leandro Sánchez-Betancourt

In traditional finance, the Black & Scholes model has guided almost 50 years of derivatives pricing, defining a standard to model any volatility-based product. With the rise of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and constant product Automated…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-03-13 Niccolò Bardoscia , Alessandro Nodari

We study a novel automated market maker design: the function maximizing AMM (FM-AMM). Our central assumption is that trades are batched before execution. Because of competition between arbitrageurs, the FM-AMM eliminates arbitrage profits…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Andrea Canidio , Robin Fritsch

Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) face persistent challenges in liquidity retention and user engagement due to inefficiencies in conventional automated market maker (AMM) designs. This work proposes a dual-mechanism framework to address these…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-02-28 CY Yan , Steve Keol , Xo Co , Nate Leung

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has revolutionized financial markets by enabling complex asset-exchange protocols without trusted intermediaries. Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are a central component of DeFi, providing the core functionality…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-03 Marco Dessalvi , Massimo Bartoletti , Alberto Lluch-Lafuente

Layer-2 (L2) blockchains inherit Ethereums security guarantees while reducing gas fees. As a result, they are gaining traction among traders at Automated Market Makers (AMMs), sparking debate over whether they contribute to liquidity…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Krzysztof Gogol , Manvir Schneider , Claudio Tessone , Benjamin Livshits

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) are major centers of matching liquidity supply and demand in Decentralized Finance. Their functioning relies primarily on the presence of liquidity providers (LPs) incentivized to invest their assets into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Viraj Nadkarni , Jiachen Hu , Ranvir Rana , Chi Jin , Sanjeev Kulkarni , Pramod Viswanath

In this paper we analyze constant product market makers (CPMMs). We formalize the liquidity providers' profitability conditions and introduce a concept we call the profitability frontier in the xyk-space. We study the effect of mint and…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-03-29 Tobias Bitterli , Fabian Schär

We present V0LVER, an AMM protocol which solves an incentivization trilemma between users, passive liquidity providers, and block producers. V0LVER enables users and passive liquidity providers to interact without paying MEV or incurring…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Conor McMenamin , Vanesa Daza

Uniswap is a Constant Product Market Maker built around liquidity pools, where pairs of tokens are exchanged subject to a fee that is proportional to the size of transactions. At the time of writing, there exist more than 6,000 pools…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-02-01 Deborah Miori , Mihai Cucuringu

Arbitrage can arise from the simultaneous purchase and sale of the same asset in different markets in order to profit from a difference in its price. This work systematically reviews arbitrage opportunities between Automated Market Makers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Krzysztof Gogol , Johnnatan Messias , Deborah Miori , Claudio Tessone , Benjamin Livshits