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Dynamic treatment regimes (DTR) are sequential decision rules corresponding to several stages of intervention. Each rule maps patients' covariates to optional treatments. The optimal dynamic treatment regime is the one that maximizes the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-10 Zhishuai Liu , Zishu Zhan , Jian Liu , Danhui Yi , Cunjie Lin , Yufei Yang

Combinations of neural ODEs with recurrent neural networks (RNN), like GRU-ODE-Bayes or ODE-RNN are well suited to model irregularly observed time series. While those models outperform existing discrete-time approaches, no theoretical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-11 Calypso Herrera , Florian Krach , Josef Teichmann

We seek to align agent policy with human expert behavior in a reinforcement learning (RL) setting, without any prior knowledge about dynamics, reward function, and unsafe states. There is a human expert knowing the rewards and unsafe states…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Daniel Hsu

Dynamic Item Response Models extend the standard Item Response Theory (IRT) to capture temporal dynamics in learner ability. While these models have the potential to allow instructional systems to actively monitor the evolution of learner…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Yunsung Kim , Sreechan Sankaranarayanan , Chris Piech , Candace Thille

We study learning in periodic Markov Decision Process(MDP), a special type of non-stationary MDP where both the state transition probabilities and reward functions vary periodically, under the average reward maximization setting. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Ayush Aniket , Arpan Chattopadhyay

We propose a distributional framework for offline Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) that jointly models uncertainty over reward functions and full distributions of returns. Unlike conventional IRL approaches that recover a deterministic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Feiyang Wu , Ye Zhao , Anqi Wu

Sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMARTs) are used to construct data-driven optimal intervention strategies for subjects based on their intervention and covariate histories in different branches of health and behavioral…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-28 Palash Ghosh , Xiaoxi Yan , Bibhas Chakraborty

Individualized treatments are crucial for optimal decision making and treatment allocation, specifically in personalized medicine based on the estimation of an individual's dose-response curve across a continuum of treatment levels, e.g.,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-20 Max Sampson , Kung-Sik Chan

One of the primary goals of statistical precision medicine is to learn optimal individualized treatment rules (ITRs). The classification-based, or machine learning-based, approach to estimating optimal ITRs was first introduced in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-18 Sophia Yazzourh , Nikki L. B. Freeman

We propose a reinforcement learning method for estimating an optimal dynamic treatment regime for survival outcomes with dependent censoring. The estimator allows the failure time to be conditionally independent of censoring and dependent…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-13 Hunyong Cho , Shannon T. Holloway , David J. Couper , Michael R. Kosorok

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims to find optimal policies in dynamic environments in order to maximize the expected total rewards by leveraging pre-collected data. Learning from heterogeneous data is one of the fundamental…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-10 Rui Miao , Babak Shahbaba , Annie Qu

We develop a prediction-based prescriptive model for learning optimal personalized treatments for patients based on their Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Our approach consists of: (i) predicting future outcomes under each possible therapy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-06 Ruidi Chen , Ioannis Paschalidis

In this paper, the inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) problem is addressed to reconstruct the unknown cost function underlying an observed optimal policy in a model-free manner, whose online adaptation with completely off-policy system…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-20 Yibei Li , Yuexin Cao , Zhixin Liu , Lihua Xie

Instance-incremental learning (IIL) focuses on learning continually with data of the same classes. Compared to class-incremental learning (CIL), the IIL is seldom explored because IIL suffers less from catastrophic forgetting (CF). However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Qiang Nie , Weifu Fu , Yuhuan Lin , Jialin Li , Yifeng Zhou , Yong Liu , Lei Zhu , Chengjie Wang

In this paper, we develop a new sequential regression modeling approach for data streams. Data streams are commonly found around us, e.g in a retail enterprise sales data is continuously collected every day. A demand forecasting model is an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-01-11 Chitta Ranjan , Samaneh Ebrahimi , Kamran Paynabar

Today, treatment effect estimation at the individual level is a vital problem in many areas of science and business. For example, in marketing, estimates of the treatment effect are used to select the most efficient promo-mechanics; in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Aleksey Buzmakov , Daria Semenova , Maria Temirkaeva

Long-term adherence to medication is a critical factor in preventing chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. To address poor adherence, physicians may recommend adherence-improving interventions; however, such interventions are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-24 Daniel Otero-Leon , Mariel Lavieri , Brian Denton , Jeremy Sussman , Rodney Hayward

Instrumental variable (IV) regression is a standard strategy for learning causal relationships between confounded treatment and outcome variables from observational data by utilizing an instrumental variable, which affects the outcome only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Liyuan Xu , Yutian Chen , Siddarth Srinivasan , Nando de Freitas , Arnaud Doucet , Arthur Gretton

When faced with accomplishing a task, human experts exhibit intentional behavior. Their unique intents shape their plans and decisions, resulting in experts demonstrating diverse behaviors to accomplish the same task. Due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Sangwon Seo , Vaibhav Unhelkar

Recent work in reinforcement learning has focused on several characteristics of learned policies that go beyond maximizing reward. These properties include fairness, explainability, generalization, and robustness. In this paper, we define…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Katherine Avery , Jack Kenney , Pracheta Amaranath , Erica Cai , David Jensen