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Explicit labeling of online content produced by artificial intelligence (AI) is a widely discussed policy for ensuring transparency and promoting public confidence. Yet little is known about the scope of AI labeling effects on public…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Chuyao Wang , Patrick Sturgis , Daniel de Kadt

As AI integrates in various types of human writing, calls for transparency around AI assistance are growing. However, if transparency operates on uneven ground and certain identity groups bear a heavier cost for being honest, then the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Inyoung Cheong , Alicia Guo , Mina Lee , Zhehui Liao , Kowe Kadoma , Dongyoung Go , Joseph Chee Chang , Peter Henderson , Mor Naaman , Amy X. Zhang

As acquiring reliable ground-truth labels is usually costly, or infeasible, crowdsourcing and aggregation of noisy human annotations is the typical resort. Aggregating subjective labels, though, may amplify individual biases, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Gabriel Singer , Samuel Gruffaz , Olivier Vo Van , Nicolas Vayatis , Argyris Kalogeratos

AI consumer markets are characterized by severe buyer-supplier market asymmetries. Complex AI systems can appear highly accurate while making costly errors or embedding hidden defects. While there have been regulatory efforts surrounding…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Alexander Erlei , Federico Cau , Radoslav Georgiev , Sagar Kumar , Kilian Bizer , Ujwal Gadiraju

Consequential decisions are increasingly informed by sophisticated data-driven predictive models. However, to consistently learn accurate predictive models, one needs access to ground truth labels. Unfortunately, in practice, labels may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Niki Kilbertus , Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez , Bernhard Schölkopf , Krikamol Muandet , Isabel Valera

Data annotation is essential for supervised learning, yet producing accurate, unbiased, and scalable labels remains challenging as datasets grow in size and modality. Traditional human-centric pipelines are costly, slow, and prone to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Subhodeep Ghosh , Bayan Divaaniaazar , Md Ishat-E-Rabban , Spencer Clarke , Senjuti Basu Roy

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) increasingly influences decisions in critical societal sectors, understanding and establishing causality becomes essential for evaluating the fairness of automated systems. This article explores the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Ruta Binkyte , Ljupcho Grozdanovski , Sami Zhioua

The quality of Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms is of significant importance for confidently adopting algorithms in various applications such as cybersecurity, healthcare, and autonomous driving. This work presents a principled…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-23 J. Lian , K. Choi , B. Veeramani , A. Hu , L. Freeman , E. Bowen , X. Deng

This study explores whether labeling AI as "trustworthy" or "reliable" influences user perceptions and acceptance of automotive AI technologies. Using a one-way between-subjects design, the research involved 478 online participants who were…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-15 John Dorsch , Ophelia Deroy

To calculate the model accuracy on a computer vision task, e.g., object recognition, we usually require a test set composing of test samples and their ground truth labels. Whilst standard usage cases satisfy this requirement, many…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Weijian Deng , Liang Zheng

Algorithmic fairness has emerged as a critical concern in artificial intelligence (AI) research. However, the development of fair AI systems is not an objective process. Fairness is an inherently subjective concept, shaped by the values,…

Human labeled datasets, along with their corresponding evaluation algorithms, play an important role in boundary detection. We here present a psychophysical experiment that addresses the reliability of such benchmarks. To find better…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2013-02-26 Xiaodi Hou , Alan Yuille , Christof Koch

In many settings, an effective way of evaluating objects of interest is to collect evaluations from dispersed individuals and to aggregate these evaluations together. Some examples are categorizing online content and evaluating student…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-23 Alice Gao , James R. Wright , Kevin Leyton-Brown

Annotation quality and quantity positively affect the learning performance of sequence labeling, a vital task in Natural Language Processing. Hiring domain experts to annotate a corpus is very costly in terms of money and time.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Nasim Sabetpour , Adithya Kulkarni , Sihong Xie , Qi Li

High-quality pixel-level annotations are essential for the semantic segmentation of remote sensing imagery. However, such labels are expensive to obtain and often affected by noise due to the labor-intensive and time-consuming nature of…

An increasing number of regulations propose AI audits as a mechanism for achieving transparency and accountability for artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Despite some converging norms around various forms of AI auditing, auditing for the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Khoa Lam , Benjamin Lange , Borhane Blili-Hamelin , Jovana Davidovic , Shea Brown , Ali Hasan

Speech emotion recognition is an important component of any human centered system. But speech characteristics produced and perceived by a person can be influenced by a multitude of reasons, both desirable such as emotion, and undesirable…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Mimansa Jaiswal , Emily Mower Provost

The rise of general-purpose artificial intelligence (AI) systems, particularly large language models (LLMs), has raised pressing moral questions about how to reduce bias and ensure fairness at scale. Researchers have documented a sort of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Jacy Anthis , Kristian Lum , Michael Ekstrand , Avi Feller , Chenhao Tan

Recent years have seen increasing use of supervised learning methods for segmentation tasks. However, the predictive performance of these algorithms depends on the quality of labels. This problem is particularly pertinent in the medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Le Zhang , Ryutaro Tanno , Mou-Cheng Xu , Chen Jin , Joseph Jacob , Olga Ciccarelli , Frederik Barkhof , Daniel C. Alexander

As generative AI is increasingly contributing to the spread of deceptively realistic misinformation, lawmakers have introduced regulations requiring the disclosure of AI-generated content. However, it is unclear if labels reduce the risk of…