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Style-conditioned data poisoning is identified as a covert vector for amplifying sociolinguistic bias in large language models. Using small poisoned budgets that pair dialectal prompts -- principally African American Vernacular English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Chaymaa Abbas , Mariette Awad , Razane Tajeddine

Demographics and cultural background of annotators influence the labels they assign in text annotation -- for instance, an elderly woman might find it offensive to read a message addressed to a "bro", but a male teenager might find it…

The proliferation of radical content on online platforms poses significant risks, including inciting violence and spreading extremist ideologies. Despite ongoing research, existing datasets and models often fail to address the complexities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Arij Riabi , Virginie Mouilleron , Menel Mahamdi , Wissam Antoun , Djamé Seddah

Annotation bias in NLP datasets remains a major challenge for developing multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in culturally diverse settings. Bias from task framing, annotator subjectivity, and cultural mismatches can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xia Cui , Ziyi Huang , Naeemeh Adel

Recent research has demonstrated how racial biases against users who write African American English exists in popular toxic language datasets. While previous work has focused on a single fairness criteria, we propose to use additional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Matan Halevy , Camille Harris , Amy Bruckman , Diyi Yang , Ayanna Howard

Well-annotated data is a prerequisite for good Natural Language Processing models. Too often, though, annotation decisions are governed by optimizing time or annotator agreement. We make a case for nuanced efforts in an interdisciplinary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Federico Bianchi , Stefanie Anja Hills , Patricia Rossini , Dirk Hovy , Rebekah Tromble , Nava Tintarev

Online abusive behavior is an important issue that breaks the cohesiveness of online social communities and even raises public safety concerns in our societies. Motivated by this rising issue, researchers have proposed, collected, and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Md Rabiul Awal , Rui Cao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Sandra Mitrović

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for automated text annotation in tasks ranging from academic research to content moderation and hiring. Across 19 LLMs and two experiments totaling more than 4 million annotation judgments,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Petter Törnberg

Our interpretation of value concepts is shaped by our sociocultural background and lived experiences, and is thus subjective. Recognizing individual value interpretations is important for developing AI systems that can align with diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Adina Nicola Dobrinoiu , Ana Cristiana Marcu , Amir Homayounirad , Luciano Cavalcante Siebert , Enrico Liscio

Moderation is crucial to promoting healthy on-line discussions. Although several `toxicity' detection datasets and models have been published, most of them ignore the context of the posts, implicitly assuming that comments maybe judged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-02 John Pavlopoulos , Jeffrey Sorensen , Lucas Dixon , Nithum Thain , Ion Androutsopoulos

In this work, we explore the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to annotate hate speech and abusiveness while considering predefined annotator personas within the strong-to-weak data perspectivism spectra. We evaluated LLM-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Olufunke O. Sarumi , Charles Welch , Daniel Braun , Jörg Schlötterer

The datasets most widely used for abusive language detection contain lists of messages, usually tweets, that have been manually judged as abusive or not by one or more annotators, with the annotation performed at message level. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Stefano Menini , Alessio Palmero Aprosio , Sara Tonelli

It is common practice in text classification to only use one majority label for model training even if a dataset has been annotated by multiple annotators. Doing so can remove valuable nuances and diverse perspectives inherent in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Jin Xu , Mariët Theune , Daniel Braun

The use of machine learning (ML)-based language models (LMs) to monitor content online is on the rise. For toxic text identification, task-specific fine-tuning of these models are performed using datasets labeled by annotators who provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Kofi Arhin , Ioana Baldini , Dennis Wei , Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy , Moninder Singh

Algorithms are widely applied to detect hate speech and abusive language in social media. We investigated whether the human-annotated data used to train these algorithms are biased. We utilized a publicly available annotated Twitter dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-29 Jae Yeon Kim , Carlos Ortiz , Sarah Nam , Sarah Santiago , Vivek Datta

Human annotated data is the cornerstone of today's artificial intelligence efforts, yet data labeling processes can be complicated and expensive, especially when human labelers disagree with each other. The current work practice is to use…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Yisi Sang , Jeffrey Stanton

Understanding the sources of variability in annotations is crucial for developing fair NLP systems, especially for tasks like sexism detection where demographic bias is a concern. This study investigates the extent to which annotator…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hadi Mohammadi , Tina Shahedi , Pablo Mosteiro , Massimo Poesio , Ayoub Bagheri , Anastasia Giachanou

With the recent rise of toxicity in online conversations on social media platforms, using modern machine learning algorithms for toxic comment detection has become a central focus of many online applications. Researchers and companies have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Ameya Vaidya , Feng Mai , Yue Ning

Safety policies define what constitutes safe and unsafe AI outputs, guiding data annotation and model development. However, annotation disagreement is pervasive and can stem from multiple sources such as operational failures (annotators…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Alex Oesterling , Donghao Ren , Yannick Assogba , Dominik Moritz , Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Leon Gatys , Fred Hohman

Automatic toxic language detection is critical for creating safe, inclusive online spaces. However, it is a highly subjective task, with perceptions of toxic language shaped by community norms and lived experience. Existing toxicity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ashima Suvarna , Christina Chance , Karolina Naranjo , Hamid Palangi , Sophie Hao , Thomas Hartvigsen , Saadia Gabriel