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Related papers: Evaluating Metrics for Bias in Word Embeddings

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Text embeddings are numerical representations of text data, where words, phrases, or entire documents are converted into vectors of real numbers. These embeddings capture semantic meanings and relationships between text elements in a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Fusheng Wei , Robert Neary , Han Qin , Qiang Mao , Jianping Zhang

The meaning conveyed by a sentence often depends on the context in which it appears. Despite the progress of sentence embedding methods, it remains unclear as how to best modify a sentence embedding conditioned on its context. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Gaifan Zhang , Yi Zhou , Danushka Bollegala

Unsupervised sentence embedding aims to obtain the most appropriate embedding for a sentence to reflect its semantic. Contrastive learning has been attracting developing attention. For a sentence, current models utilize diverse data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Hao Wang , Yangguang Li , Zhen Huang , Yong Dou , Lingpeng Kong , Jing Shao

Automatically evaluating the coherence of summaries is of great significance both to enable cost-efficient summarizer evaluation and as a tool for improving coherence by selecting high-scoring candidate summaries. While many different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Julius Steen , Katja Markert

It is well-understood that different algorithms, training processes, and corpora produce different word embeddings. However, less is known about the relation between different embedding spaces, i.e. how far different sets of embeddings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Xuhui Zhou , Zaixiang Zheng , Shujian Huang

Sans a dwindling number of monolingual embedding studies originating predominantly from the low-resource domains, it is evident that multilingual embedding has become the de facto choice due to its adaptability to the usage of code-mixed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Kasun Wickramasinghe , Nisansa de Silva

Coarsened exact matching (CEM) is often promoted as a superior alternative to propensity score matching (PSM) for addressing imbalance, model dependence, bias, and efficiency. However, this recommendation remains uncertain. First, CEM is…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-03 Fei Wan

Recent advances in cross-lingual word embeddings have primarily relied on mapping-based methods, which project pretrained word embeddings from different languages into a shared space through a linear transformation. However, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Ali Sabet , Prakhar Gupta , Jean-Baptiste Cordonnier , Robert West , Martin Jaggi

Word Embeddings are used widely in multiple Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. They are coordinates associated with each word in a dictionary, inferred from statistical properties of these words in a large corpus. In this paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Adam Sutton , Nello Cristianini

In this paper, we introduce personalized word embeddings, and examine their value for language modeling. We compare the performance of our proposed prediction model when using personalized versus generic word representations, and study how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Charles Welch , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld , Verónica Pérez-Rosas , Rada Mihalcea

Mitigation of gender bias in NLP has a long history tied to debiasing static word embeddings. More recently, attention has shifted to debiasing pre-trained language models. We study to what extent the simplest projective debiasing methods,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Hillary Dawkins , Isar Nejadgholi , Daniel Gillis , Judi McCuaig

Following the recent success of word embeddings, it has been argued that there is no such thing as an ideal representation for words, as different models tend to capture divergent and often mutually incompatible aspects like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Mikel Artetxe , Gorka Labaka , Iñigo Lopez-Gazpio , Eneko Agirre

Despite the fast developmental pace of new sentence embedding methods, it is still challenging to find comprehensive evaluations of these different techniques. In the past years, we saw significant improvements in the field of sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Christian S. Perone , Roberto Silveira , Thomas S. Paula

Cosine similarity between two words, computed using their contextualised token embeddings obtained from masked language models (MLMs) such as BERT has shown to underestimate the actual similarity between those words (Zhou et al., 2022).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Saeth Wannasuphoprasit , Yi Zhou , Danushka Bollegala

Large language models (LLMs) can pass explicit social bias tests but still harbor implicit biases, similar to humans who endorse egalitarian beliefs yet exhibit subtle biases. Measuring such implicit biases can be a challenge: as LLMs…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Xuechunzi Bai , Angelina Wang , Ilia Sucholutsky , Thomas L. Griffiths

Sentence encoders play a pivotal role in various NLP tasks; hence, an accurate evaluation of their compositional properties is paramount. However, existing evaluation methods predominantly focus on goal task-specific performance. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Naman Bansal , Yash mahajan , Sanjeev Sinha , Santu Karmaker

Reliable evaluation protocols are of utmost importance for reproducible NLP research. In this work, we show that sometimes neither metric nor conventional human evaluation is sufficient to draw conclusions about system performance. Using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Yevgeniy Puzikov

Contextual word embeddings obtained from pre-trained language model (PLM) have proven effective for various natural language processing tasks at the word level. However, interpreting the hidden aspects within embeddings, such as syntax and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Nayoung Choi

As Large Language Models and Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology rapidly develop and spread into daily life, it becomes crucial to anticipate how their use could harm people. One problem that has received a lot of attention in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Oskar van der Wal , Dominik Bachmann , Alina Leidinger , Leendert van Maanen , Willem Zuidema , Katrin Schulz

Uncertainty modeling in speaker representation aims to learn the variability present in speech utterances. While the conventional cosine-scoring is computationally efficient and prevalent in speaker recognition, it lacks the capability to…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Qiongqiong Wang , Kong Aik Lee