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Threat actor attribution is a crucial defense strategy for combating advanced persistent threats (APTs). Cyber threat intelligence (CTI), which involves analyzing multisource heterogeneous data from APTs, plays an important role in APT…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Nan Xiao , Bo Lang , Ting Wang , Yikai Chen

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are a main impendence in cyber security of computer networks. In 2015, a successful breach remains undetected 146 days on average, reported by [Fi16].With our work we demonstrate a feasible and fast way to…

Databases · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Timo Schindler

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes deeply embedded in critical services and everyday products, it is increasingly exposed to security threats which traditional cyber defenses were not designed to handle. In this paper, we investigate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Natalia Krawczyk , Mateusz Szczepkowski , Adrian Brodzik , Krzysztof Bocianiak

Sharing methods of attack and their effectiveness is a cornerstone of building robust defensive systems. Threat analysis reports, produced by various individuals and organizations, play a critical role in supporting security operations and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Ahmed Lekssays , Husrev Taha Sencar , Ting Yu

Cyber-defense systems are being developed to automatically ingest Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) that contains semi-structured data and/or text to populate knowledge graphs. A potential risk is that fake CTI can be generated and spread…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Priyanka Ranade , Aritran Piplai , Sudip Mittal , Anupam Joshi , Tim Finin

As cyber threats grow increasingly sophisticated, reinforcement learning (RL) is emerging as a promising technique to create intelligent and adaptive cyber defense systems. However, most existing autonomous defensive agents have overlooked…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Ilya Orson Sandoval , Isaac Symes Thompson , Vasilios Mavroudis , Chris Hicks

Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) in large enterprises can generate hundreds of thousands of alerts per hour, overwhelming analysts with logs requiring rapidly evolving expertise. Conventional machine-learning detectors…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Francesco Blefari , Cristian Cosentino , Francesco Aurelio Pironti , Angelo Furfaro , Fabrizio Marozzo

Understanding the attack patterns associated with a cyberattack is crucial for comprehending the attacker's behaviors and implementing the right mitigation measures. However, majority of the information regarding new attacks is typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Weiqiu You , Youngja Park

This study introduces an innovative approach to automating Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) processes in industrial environments by leveraging Microsoft's AI-powered security technologies. Historically, CTI has heavily relied on manual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Shrit Shah , Fatemeh Khoda Parast

Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) has emerged as a vital complementary approach that operates in the early phases of the cyber threat lifecycle. CTI involves collecting, processing, and analyzing threat data to provide a more accurate and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Samaneh Shafee , Alysson Bessani , Pedro M. Ferreira

Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) is being used to search for indicators of attacks that might have compromised an enterprise network for a long time without being discovered. To have a more effective analysis, CTI open standards have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-02 Sadegh M. Milajerdi , Birhanu Eshete , Rigel Gjomemo , V. N. Venkatakrishnan

Industry 5.0's increasing integration of IT and OT systems is transforming industrial operations but also expanding the cyber-physical attack surface. Industrial Control Systems (ICS) face escalating security challenges as traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Padmeswari Nandiya , Ahmad Mohsin , Ahmed Ibrahim , Iqbal H. Sarker , Helge Janicke

Despite the high volume of open-source Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI), our understanding of long-term threat actor-victim dynamics remains fragmented due to inconsistent reporting standards and the lack of structured datasets containing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Manuel Suarez-Roman , Francesco Marchiori , Mauro Conti , Juan Tapiador

The MITRE ATT&CK Framework provides a rich and actionable repository of adversarial tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP). However, this information would be highly useful for attack diagnosis (i.e., forensics) and mitigation (i.e.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Rawan Al-Shaer , Jonathan M. Spring , Eliana Christou

Cyber threats have become increasingly prevalent and sophisticated. Prior work has extracted actionable cyber threat intelligence (CTI), such as indicators of compromise, tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs), or threat feeds from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Saskia Laura Schröer , Noé Canevascini , Irdin Pekaric , Philine Widmer , Pavel Laskov

Ability to effectively investigate indicators of compromise and associated network resources involved in cyber attacks is paramount not only to identify affected network resources but also to detect related malicious resources. Today, most…

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attacks have caused significant damage worldwide. Various Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) systems are deployed by enterprises to fight against potential threats. However, EDR suffers from high false…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Tiantian Zhu , Jie Ying , Tieming Chen , Chunlin Xiong , Wenrui Cheng , Qixuan Yuan , Aohan Zheng , Mingqi Lv , Yan Chen

Cybersecurity has become a crucial concern in the field of connected autonomous vehicles. Cyber threat intelligence (CTI), as the collection of cyber threat information, offers an ideal way for responding to emerging cyber threats and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yinghui Wang , Yilong Ren , Zhiyong Cui , Haiyang Yu

Effective incident response (IR) is critical for mitigating cyber threats, yet security teams are overwhelmed by alert fatigue, high false-positive rates, and the vast volume of unstructured Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) documents. While…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Amine Tellache , Abdelaziz Amara Korba , Amdjed Mokhtari , Horea Moldovan , Yacine Ghamri-Doudane

Cyberattacks are becoming increasingly difficult to detect and prevent due to their sophistication. In response, Autonomous Intelligent Cyber-defense Agents (AICAs) are emerging as crucial solutions. One prominent AICA agent is the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Damodar Panigrahi , Shaswata Mitra , Subash Neupane , Sudip Mittal , Benjamin A. Blakely