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Blockchain has recently been applied in many applications such as bitcoin, smart grid, and Internet of Things (IoT) as a public ledger of transactions. However, the use of blockchain in mobile environments is still limited because the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Nguyen Cong Luong , Zehui Xiong , Ping Wang , Dusit Niyato

As an emerging decentralized secure data management platform, blockchain has gained much popularity recently. To maintain a canonical state of blockchain data record, proof-of-work based consensus protocols provide the nodes, referred to as…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Yutao Jiao , Ping Wang , Dusit Niyato , Kongrath Suankaewmanee

Bitcoin uses blockchain technology and proof-of-work (PoW) mechanism where nodes spend computing resources and earn rewards in return for spending these resources. This incentive system has caused power to be significantly biased towards a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Yujin Kwon , Jian Liu , Minjeong Kim , Dawn Song , Yongdae Kim

Blockchain uses the idea of storing transaction data in the form of a distributed ledger wherein each node in the network stores a current copy of the sequence of transactions in the form of a hash chain. This requirement of storing the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-01-09 Ravi Kiran Raman , Lav R. Varshney

We develop a dynamic model of the Bitcoin market where users set fees themselves and miners decide whether to operate and whom to validate based on those fees. Our analysis reveals how, in equilibrium, users adjust their bids in response to…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-02-24 Yuichiro Kamada , Shunya Noda

We introduce two new particle-based algorithms for learning latent variable models via marginal maximum likelihood estimation, including one which is entirely tuning-free. Our methods are based on the perspective of marginal maximum…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-04 Louis Sharrock , Daniel Dodd , Christopher Nemeth

We develop a model of coordination and allocation of decentralized multi-sided markets, in which our theoretical analysis is promisingly optimizing the decentralized transaction packaging process at high-throughput blockchains or Web 3.0…

General Economics · Economics 2023-01-27 Yuxuan Lu , Qian Qi , Xi Chen

In Proof-of-Work blockchains, difficulty algorithms serve the crucial purpose of maintaining a stable transaction throughput by dynamically adjusting the block difficulty in response to the miners' constantly changing computational power.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Dragos I. Ilie , Sam M. Werner , Iain Stewart , William J. Knottenbelt

Proof-of-Stake consensus protocols give rise to complex modeling challenges. We analyze the recently-updated Tezos Proof-of-Stake protocol and demonstrate that, under certain conditions, rational participants are incentivized to behave…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-09 Michael Neuder , Daniel J. Moroz , Rithvik Rao , David C. Parkes

Cryptoeconomic incentives in the form of blockchain-based tokens are seen as an enabler of the sharing economy that could shift society towards greater sustainability. Nevertheless, knowledge of the impact of these tokens on human sharing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Mark Christopher Ballandies

Bitcoin was recently introduced as a peer-to-peer electronic currency in order to facilitate transactions outside the traditional financial system. The core of Bitcoin, the Blockchain, is the history of the transactions in the system…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-05-04 Siamak Solat , Maria Potop-Butucaru

We propose the formal study of governed blockchains that are owned and controlled by organizations and that neither create cryptocurrencies nor provide any incentives to solvers of cryptographic puzzles. We view such approaches as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-05-17 Leif-Nissen Lundbaek , Andrea Callia D'Iddio , Michael Huth

In this paper, we consider the problem of generating fair randomness in a deterministic, multi-agent context (for instance, a decentralised game built on a blockchain). The existing state-of-the-art approaches are either susceptible to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Daniel Kraft

We consider the problem of sequentially making decisions that are rewarded by "successes" and "failures" which can be predicted through an unknown relationship that depends on a partially controllable vector of attributes for each instance.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-09-18 Yingfei Wang , Chu Wang , Warren Powell

The energy sustainability of blockchains, whose consensus protocol rests on the Proof-of-Work, nourishes a heated debate. The underlying issue lies in a highly energy-consuming process, defined as mining, required to validate crypto-asset…

Miners in a blockchain system are suffering from ever-increasing storage costs, which in general have not been properly compensated by the users' transaction fees. This reduces the incentives for the miners' participation and may jeopardize…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Yunshu Liu , Zhixuan Fang , Man Hon Cheung , Wei Cai , Jianwei Huang

We engineer blockchain based risk managed portfolios by creating three funds with distinct risk and return profiles: 1) Alpha - high risk portfolio; 2) Beta - mimics the wider market; and 3) Gamma - represents the risk free rate adjusted to…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-07-16 Ravi Kashyap

This paper integrates Austrian capital theory with repeated game theory to examine strategic miner behaviour under different institutional conditions in blockchain systems. It shows that when protocol rules are mutable, effective time…

General Economics · Economics 2025-06-27 Craig Steven Wright

Blockchain adoption is reaching an all-time high, with a plethora of blockchain architectures being developed to cover the needs of applications eager to integrate blockchain into their operations. However, blockchain systems suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Georgios Diamantopoulos , Nikos Tziritas , Rami Bahsoon , Nan Zhang , Georgios Theodoropoulos

The resource-consuming mining of blocks on a blockchain equipped with a proof of work consensus protocol bears the risk of ruin, namely when the operational costs for the mining exceed the received rewards. In this paper we investigate to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Hansjoerg Albrecher , Dina Finger , Pierre-Olivier Goffard