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Transformers have transformed the field of natural language processing. This performance is largely attributed to the use of stacked self-attention layers, each of which consists of matrix multiplies as well as softmax operations. As a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Jacob R. Stevens , Rangharajan Venkatesan , Steve Dai , Brucek Khailany , Anand Raghunathan

We propose an approximate strategy to efficiently train neural network based language models over very large vocabularies. Our approach, called adaptive softmax, circumvents the linear dependency on the vocabulary size by exploiting the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-20 Edouard Grave , Armand Joulin , Moustapha Cissé , David Grangier , Hervé Jégou

Transformer-based architectures traditionally employ softmax to compute attention weights, which produces dense distributions over all tokens in a sequence. While effective in many settings, this density has been shown to be detrimental for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Pavlo Vasylenko , Hugo Pitorro , André F. T. Martins , Marcos Treviso

The Softmax function is used in the final layer of nearly all existing sequence-to-sequence models for language generation. However, it is usually the slowest layer to compute which limits the vocabulary size to a subset of most frequent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-25 Sachin Kumar , Yulia Tsvetkov

Softmax is popular normalization method used in machine learning. Deep learning solutions like Transformer or BERT use the softmax function intensively, so it is worthwhile to optimize its performance. This article presents our methodology…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Jacek Czaja , Michal Gallus , Tomasz Patejko , Jian Tang

The Softmax function is ubiquitous in machine learning, multiple previous works suggested faster alternatives for it. In this paper we propose a way to compute classical Softmax with fewer memory accesses and hypothesize that this reduction…

Performance · Computer Science 2018-07-31 Maxim Milakov , Natalia Gimelshein

Neural machine translation (NMT) models are typically trained using a softmax cross-entropy loss where the softmax distribution is compared against smoothed gold labels. In low-resource scenarios, NMT models tend to over-fit because the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Raj Dabre , Atsushi Fujita

The softmax function is widely used in artificial neural networks for the multiclass classification problems, where the softmax transformation enforces the output to be positive and sum to one, and the corresponding loss function allows to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Shaoshi Sun , Zhenyuan Zhang , BoCheng Huang , Pengbin Lei , Jianlin Su , Shengfeng Pan , Jiarun Cao

Is the output softmax layer, which is adopted by most language models (LMs), always the best way to compute the next word probability? Given so many attention layers in a modern transformer-based LM, are the pointer networks redundant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Haw-Shiuan Chang , Zonghai Yao , Alolika Gon , Hong Yu , Andrew McCallum

Despite recent advances in neural text generation, encoding the rich diversity in human language remains elusive. We argue that the sub-optimal text generation is mainly attributable to the imbalanced token distribution, which particularly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Byung-Ju Choi , Jimin Hong , David Keetae Park , Sang Wan Lee

Current sequence-to-sequence models are trained to minimize cross-entropy and use softmax to compute the locally normalized probabilities over target sequences. While this setup has led to strong results in a variety of tasks, one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Ben Peters , André F. T. Martins

The Softmax function on top of a final linear layer is the de facto method to output probability distributions in neural networks. In many applications such as language models or text generation, this model has to produce distributions over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Octavian-Eugen Ganea , Sylvain Gelly , Gary Bécigneul , Aliaksei Severyn

Current state-of-the-art text generators build on powerful language models such as GPT-2, achieving impressive performance. However, to avoid degenerate text, they require sampling from a modified softmax, via temperature parameters or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Pedro Henrique Martins , Zita Marinho , André F. T. Martins

In text generation, a large language model (LM) makes a choice of each new word based only on the former selection of its context using the softmax function. Nevertheless, the link statistics information of concurrent words based on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Liu Bin , Yin Guosheng

Softmax is widely used in deep learning to map some representation to a probability distribution. As it is based on exp/log functions that are relatively expensive in multi-party computation, Mohassel and Zhang (2017) proposed a simpler…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Marcel Keller , Ke Sun

Despite achieving state-of-the-art results in nearly all Natural Language Processing applications, fine-tuning Transformer-based language models still requires a significant amount of labeled data to work. A well known technique to reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Julius Gonsior , Christian Falkenberg , Silvio Magino , Anja Reusch , Maik Thiele , Wolfgang Lehner

Neural language models have been widely used in various NLP tasks, including machine translation, next word prediction and conversational agents. However, it is challenging to deploy these models on mobile devices due to their slow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-31 Patrick H. Chen , Si Si , Sanjiv Kumar , Yang Li , Cho-Jui Hsieh

The softmax function is a widely used activation function in the output layers of neural networks, responsible for converting raw scores into class probabilities while introducing essential non-linearity. Implementing Softmax efficiently…

Large transformer models have achieved state-of-the-art results in numerous natural language processing tasks. Among the pivotal components of the transformer architecture, the attention mechanism plays a crucial role in capturing token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yichuan Deng , Zhao Song , Kaijun Yuan , Tianyi Zhou

Recent neural network and language models rely on softmax distributions with an extremely large number of categories. Since calculating the softmax normalizing constant in this context is prohibitively expensive, there is a growing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-26 Francois Fagan , Garud Iyengar
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