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Ising models with pairwise interactions are the least structured, or maximum-entropy, probability distributions that exactly reproduce measured pairwise correlations between spins. Here we use this equivalence to construct Ising models that…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2009-12-31 Gasper Tkacik , Elad Schneidman , Michael J. Berry , William Bialek

Quantum or quantum-inspired Ising machines have recently shown promise in solving combinatorial optimization problems in a short time. Real-world applications, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) scheduling for wireless multi-hop…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Yohei Hamakawa , Tomoya Kashimata , Masaya Yamasaki , Kosuke Tatsumura

Ising machines, which are dynamical systems designed to operate in a parallel and iterative manner, have emerged as a new paradigm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Despite computational advantages, the quality of solutions…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-30 Shu Zhou , K. Y. Michael Wong , Juntao Wang , David Shui Wing Hui , Daniel Ebler , Jie Sun

Combinatorial optimization problems are funda- mental for various fields ranging from finance to wireless net- works. This work presents a simulated bifurcation (SB) Ising solver in CMOS for NP-hard optimization problems. Analog domain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-15 Alana Marie Dee , Sajjad Moazeni

There has been a recent surge of interest in physics-based solvers for combinatorial optimization problems. We present a dynamical solver for the Ising problem that is comprised of a network of coupled parametric oscillators and show that…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Sri Krishna Vadlamani , Tianyao Patrick Xiao , Eli Yablonovitch

Gain-dissipative systems of various physical origin have recently shown the ability to act as analogue minimisers of hard combinatorial optimisation problems. Whether or not these proposals will lead to any advantage in performance over the…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-03-23 Kirill P. Kalinin , Alberto Amo , Jacqueline Bloch , Natalia G. Berloff

Quantum annealing aims to exploit quantum mechanics to speed up the search for the solution to optimization problems. Most problems exhibit complete connectivity between the logical spin variables after they are mapped to the Ising spin…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Tameem Albash , Walter Vinci , Daniel A. Lidar

Statistical spin dynamics plays a key role to understand the working principle for novel optical Ising machines. Here we propose the gauge transformations for spatial photonic Ising machine, where a single spatial phase modulator…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-07-28 Yisheng Fang , Junyi Huang , Zhichao Ruan

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) extend the concept of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces by cascading multiple programmable layers, enabling advanced electromagnetic wave transformations for communication and sensing applications.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Giuseppe Pettanice , Andrea Abrardo , Alberto Toccafondi , Marco Di Renzo

Ising annealer is a promising quantum-inspired computing architecture for combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, we introduce an Ising annealer based on the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, which updates the variables of all dimensions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-15 Hao Wang , Zixuan Liu , Zhixin Xie , Langyu Li , Zibo Miao , Wei Cui , Yu Pan

Recently, nature-inspired computing approaches have gained significant attention for solving difficult optimization problems, particularly through Ising machines for NP-complete applications. Existing Ising accelerators range from quantum…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Siddhartha Raman Sundara Raman , Lizy K. John , Jaydeep P. Kulkarni

Computing-in-memory (CIM) has attracted significant attentions in recent years due to its massive parallelism and low power consumption. However, current CIM designs suffer from large area overhead of small CIM macros and bad programmablity…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Shu-Hung Kuo , Tian-Sheuan Chang

Recently, several platforms were proposed and demonstrated a proof-of-principle for finding the global minimum of the spin Hamiltonians such as the Ising and XY models using gain-dissipative quantum and classical systems. The implementation…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-07-03 Kirill P. Kalinin , Natalia G. Berloff

The equivalence between the natural minimization of energy in a dynamical system and the minimization of an objective function characterizing a combinatorial optimization problem offers a promising approach to designing dynamical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-14 Antik Mallick , Mohammad Khairul Bashar , Zongli Lin , Nikhil Shukla

The advancement of artificial intelligence demands flexible multimodal data processing with high throughput and energy efficiency. Photonic integrated circuits (PIC) has demonstrated promising potentials in terms of low latency and low…

Optics is a promising platform in which to help realise the next generation of fast, parallel and energy-efficient computation. We demonstrate a reconfigurable free-space optical multiplier that is capable of over 3000 computations in…

Optics · Physics 2020-11-23 James Spall , Xianxin Guo , Thomas D. Barrett , A. I. Lvovsky

We discuss a dynamical systems perspective on discrete optimization. Departing from the fact that many combinatorial optimization problems can be reformulated as finding low energy spin configurations in corresponding Ising models, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-16 Tong Guanchun , Michael Muehlebach

Computationally hard combinatorial optimization problems are pervasive in science and engineering, yet their NP-hard nature renders them increasingly inefficient to solve on conventional von Neumann architectures as problem size grows.…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Yu Qian , Alptekin Vardar , Konrad Seidel , David Lehninger , Maximilian Lederer , Zhiguo Shi , Cheng Zhuo , Kai Ni , Thomas Kämpfe , Xunzhao Yin

The photonic Ising machine is a new paradigm of optical computing that takes advantage of the unique properties of light wave propagation, parallel processing, and low-loss transmission. Thus, the process of solving combinatorial…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Jiayi Ouyang , Yuxuan Liao , Zhiyao Ma , Deyang Kong , Xue Feng , Xiang Zhang , Xiaowen Dong , Kaiyu Cui , Fang Liu , Wei Zhang , Yidong Huang

We report a higher-order neuromorphic Ising machine that exhibits superior scalability compared to architectures based on quadratization, while also achieving state-of-the-art quality and reliability in solutions with competitive…