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The probability hypothesis density (PHD) and multi-target multi-Bernoulli (MeMBer) filters are two leading algorithms that have emerged from random finite sets (RFS). In this paper we study a method which combines these two approaches. Our…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Jason L. Williams

Multi-target tracking in the maritime domain is a challenging problem due to the non-Gaussian and fluctuating characteristics of sea clutter. This article investigates the use of machine learning (ML) to the detection and tracking of low…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-26 Caden Sweeney , Du Yong Kim , Branko Ristic , Brian Cheung

The histogram-probabilistic multi-hypothesis tracker (H-PMHT) is a parametric approach to solving the multi-target track-before-detect (TBD) problem, using expectation maximisation (EM). A key limitation of this method is the assumption of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-12 Lukas Herrmann , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Edmund F. Brekke

With the increasing complexity of multiple target tracking scenes, a single sensor may not be able to effectively monitor a large number of targets. Therefore, it is imperative to extend the single-sensor technique to Multi-Sensor…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Han Cai , Chenbao Xue , Jeremie Houssineau , Zhirun Xue

This paper presents a multitarget tracking particle filter (PF) for general track-before-detect measurement models. The PF is presented in the random finite set framework and uses a labelled multi-Bernoulli approximation. We also present a…

Applications · Statistics 2018-01-18 Ángel F. García-Fernández

The recently developed labeled multi-Bernoulli (LMB) filter uses better approximations in its update step, compared to the unlabeled multi-Bernoulli filters, and more importantly, it provides us with not only the estimates for the number of…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-02-05 Amirali K. Gostar , Reza Hoseinnezhad , Alireza Bab-Hadiashar

Tracking multiple objects through time is an important part of an intelligent transportation system. Random finite set (RFS)-based filters are one of the emerging techniques for tracking multiple objects. In multi-object tracking (MOT), a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-20 Nida Ishtiaq , Amirali Khodadadian Gostar , Alireza Bab-Hadiashar , Reza Hoseinnezhad

Autonomous vehicles need precise knowledge on dynamic objects in their surroundings. Especially in urban areas with many objects and possible occlusions, an infrastructure system based on a multi-sensor setup can provide the required…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Martin Herrmann , Aldi Piroli , Jan Strohbeck , Johannes Müller , Michael Buchholz

Targets that generate multiple measurements at a given instant in time are commonly known as extended targets. These present a challenge for many tracking algorithms, as they violate one of the key assumptions of the standard measurement…

Computation · Statistics 2016-04-20 Michael Beard , Stephan Reuter , Karl Granström , Ba-Tuong Vo , Ba-Ngu Vo , Alexander Scheel

A large-scale multi-object tracker based on the generalised labeled multi-Bernoulli (GLMB) filter is proposed. The algorithm is capable of tracking a very large, unknown and time-varying number of objects simultaneously, in the presence of…

Computation · Statistics 2018-04-19 Michael Beard , Ba Tuong Vo , Ba-Ngu Vo

This paper addresses the mapping problem. Using a conjugate prior form, we derive the exact theoretical batch multi-object posterior density of the map given a set of measurements. The landmarks in the map are modeled as extended objects,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-09 Maryam Fatemi , Karl Granström , Lennart Svensson , Francisco J. R. Ruiz , Lars Hammarstrand

High-resolution radar sensors are critical for autonomous systems but pose significant challenges to traditional tracking algorithms due to the generation of multiple measurements per object and the presence of multipath effects. Existing…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Guanhua Ding , Qinchen Wu , Jinping Sun , Yanping Wang , Bing Zhu , Guoqiang Mao

In a typical multitarget tracking (MTT) scenario, the sensor state is either assumed known, or tracking is performed in the sensor's (relative) coordinate frame. This assumption does not hold when the sensor, e.g., an automotive radar, is…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-01-15 Markus Fröhle , Christopher Lindberg , Karl Granström , Henk Wymeersch

Accurate 3D multi-object tracking (MOT) is crucial for autonomous driving, as it enables robust perception, navigation, and planning in complex environments. While deep learning-based solutions have demonstrated impressive 3D MOT…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Guanhua Ding , Yuxuan Xia , Runwei Guan , Qinchen Wu , Tao Huang , Weiping Ding , Jinping Sun , Guoqiang Mao

In multi-object stochastic systems, the issue of sensor management is a theoretically and computationally challenging problem. In this paper, we present a novel random finite set (RFS) approach to the multi-target sensor management problem…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-04-14 Hung Gia Hoang , Ba Tuong Vo

This paper presents the distributed Poisson multi-Bernoulli (PMB) filter based on the generalised covariance intersection (GCI) fusion rule for distributed multi-object filtering. Since the exact GCI fusion of two PMB densities is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Giorgio Battistelli

Millimeter wave (mmWave) signals are useful for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), due to their inherent geometric connection to the propagation environment and the propagation channel. To solve the SLAM problem, existing…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-09 Yu Ge , Ossi Kaltiokallio , Hyowon Kim , Fan Jiang , Jukka Talvitie , Mikko Valkama , Lennart Svensson , Sunwoo Kim , Henk Wymeersch

This paper presents an exact Bayesian filtering solution for the multi-object tracking problem with the generic observation model. The proposed solution is designed in the labeled random finite set framework, using the product styled…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-10-09 Suqi Li , Wei Yi , Reza Hoseinnezhad , Bailu Wang , Lingjiang Kong

This paper proposes a smooth-trajectory estimator for the labelled multi-Bernoulli (LMB) filter by exploiting the special structure of the generalised labelled multi-Bernoulli (GLMB) filter. We devise a simple and intuitive approach to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Hoa Van Nguyen , Tran Thien Dat Nguyen , Changbeom Shim , Marzhar Anuar

We propose an efficient random finite set (RFS) based algorithm for multiobject tracking in which the object states are modeled by a combination of a labeled multi-Bernoulli (LMB) RFS and a Poisson RFS. The less computationally demanding…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-20 Thomas Kropfreiter , Florian Meyer , Franz Hlawatsch