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We establish the inferential properties of the mean-difference estimator for the average treatment effect in randomized experiments where each unit in a population is randomized to one of two treatments and then units within treatment…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-02-19 Zach Branson , Tirthankar Dasgupta

Randomized experiments are the gold standard for estimating the causal effects of an intervention. In the simplest setting, each experimental unit is randomly assigned to receive treatment or control, and then the outcomes in each treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-05 Guillaume Basse , Yi Ding , Panos Toulis

The bulk of causal inference studies rule out the presence of interference between units. However, in many real-world scenarios, units are interconnected by social, physical, or virtual ties, and the effect of the treatment can spill from…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-03 Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi , Costanza Tortù , Laura Forastiere

Randomized controlled trials often suffer from interference, a violation of the Stable Unit Treatment Values Assumption (SUTVA) in which a unit's treatment assignment affects the outcomes of its neighbors. This interference causes bias in…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-06 Vydhourie Thiyageswaran , Tyler McCormick , Jennifer Brennan

Given two 2-level factors of interest, a 2^2 split-plot design} (a) takes each of the $2^2=4$ possible factorial combinations as a treatment, (b) identifies one factor as `whole-plot,' (c) divides the experimental units into blocks, and (d)…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-02-15 Anqi Zhao , Peng Ding , Tirthankar Dasgupta

Paired cluster-randomized experiments (pCRTs) are common across many disciplines because there is often natural clustering of individuals, and paired randomization can help balance baseline covariates to improve experimental precision.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-03 Charlotte Z. Mann , Adam C. Sales , Johann A. Gagnon-Bartsch

Educational research often studies subjects that are in naturally clustered groups of classrooms or schools. When designing a randomized experiment to evaluate an intervention directed at teachers, but with effects on teachers and their…

Applications · Statistics 2009-08-17 Brenda Jenney , Sharon Lohr

In randomized experiments, covariates are often used to reduce variance and improve the precision of treatment effect estimates. However, in many real-world settings, interference between units, where one unit's treatment affects another's…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-10 Xinyi Wang , Shuangning Li

Split-plot designs find wide applicability in multifactor experiments with randomization restrictions. Practical considerations often warrant the use of unbalanced designs. This paper investigates randomization based causal inference in…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-21 Rahul Mukerjee , Tirthankar Dasgupta

The literature on cluster-randomized trials typically allows for interference within but not across clusters. This may be implausible when units are irregularly distributed across space without well-separated communities, as clusters in…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-29 Michael P. Leung

This paper studies circular designs for interference models, where a treatment assigned to a plot also affects its neighboring plots within a block. For the purpose of estimating total effects, the circular neighbor balanced design was…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-02 Xiangshun Kong , Xueru Zhang , Wei Zheng

Many events and policies (treatments) occur at specific spatial locations, with researchers interested in their effects on nearby units. I approach the spatial treatment setting from an experimental perspective: What ideal experiment would…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-27 Michael Pollmann

Inferring causal effects from an observational study is challenging because participants are not randomized to treatment. Observational studies in infectious disease research present the additional challenge that one participant's treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-25 Brian G. Barkley , Michael G. Hudgens , John D. Clemens , Mohammad Ali , Michael E. Emch

Randomized saturation designs are two-stage experiments: they first randomly assign treatment probabilities over the clusters and then randomly assign the treatment to the units within the clusters. The existing literature on randomized…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Sizhu Lu , Lei Shi , Peng Ding

We consider design-based causal inference for spatial experiments in which treatments may have effects that bleed out and feed back in complex ways. Such spatial spillover effects violate the standard ``no interference'' assumption for…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-06 Ye Wang , Cyrus Samii , Haoge Chang , P. M. Aronow

This paper studies the design of cluster experiments to estimate the global treatment effect in the presence of network spillovers. We provide a framework to choose the clustering that minimizes the worst-case mean-squared error of the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-29 Davide Viviano , Lihua Lei , Guido Imbens , Brian Karrer , Okke Schrijvers , Liang Shi

This paper focuses on the design of spatial experiments to optimize the amount of information derived from the experimental data and enhance the accuracy of the resulting causal effect estimator. We propose a surrogate function for the mean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Jin Zhu , Jingyi Li , Hongyi Zhou , Yinan Lin , Zhenhua Lin , Chengchun Shi

Accurate estimation of treatment effects is essential for decision-making across various scientific fields. This task, however, becomes challenging in areas like social sciences and online marketplaces, where treating one experimental unit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Mohsen Bayati , Yuwei Luo , William Overman , Sadegh Shirani , Ruoxuan Xiong

The Horvitz-Thompson (H-T) estimator is widely used for estimating network causal effects. We study its optimality properties by embedding it in the class of all linear estimators. We show that, under any form of interference, the H-T…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Vishesh Karwa , Edoardo M. Airoldi

When there is interference, a subject's outcome depends on the treatment of others and treatment effects may take on several different forms. This situation arises often, particularly in vaccine evaluation. In settings where interference is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-01-10 Erin E Gabriel